The Evolution of Human Intelligence

Human intelligence is so hard to define. There is such a range of different types of intelligence aren’t there? The standard IQ test merely identifies certain attributes of intelligence which it consequently gives greater importance to. One thing is for sure – IQ tests are extremely limited and in no way reveal the extent of human intelligence.

 

As a teacher I have encountered students who were incredibly bright and academically capable but were also incredibly stupid. Some were so limited in other areas they were virtually unemployable. On the other hand I have encountered students who were very low down on the IQ scale and had limited academic prowess but were as sharp as needles and incredibly sharp witted and streetwise.

 

So IQ is not easy to pin down. There are different types.

 

Interestingly, as a biologist, I find it interesting to look at from a genetic and evolutionary perspective.

 

We humans are basically a third group of chimps. We are genetically very closely related to chimps – sharing 99% of our genes. The difference between us is largely the size and complexity of our brains. We have larger brains, are more intelligent and hence have developed greater language skills and tool making skills. We are better at solving problems and hence developing technology.

 

Intelligence is largely inherited. It is a polygene system. A number of genes all work together to create intelligence. There are different versions of these genes all chipping in their quota. If we inherit a set of genes with high values we will have a tendency towards high intelligence.

 

But that is where environment comes in. We can maximise the input of those genes through a number of factors:

 

Good diet to enable the brain to grow to its maximum;

Good exercise to enable good vascularisation and oxygen supply;

Good stimulus to help develop neuronal connections.

 

So good parenting and education can help a child reach his/her potential.

 

The two essential biological attributes that enabled us to develop intelligence, and tool making, probably both came from our arboreal ancestry. We have binocular vision which enables us to judge distance and do fine tool work. We have an opposable thumb which enables us to grip tools and use them with precision. So what evolved to enable us to swing through a tree canopy without falling now enables us to build nuclear weapons and the Hubble telescope.

 

Ain’t intelligence wonderful?

Some basic improvements to human biochemistry.

It is not just at the physical level that the human body is badly designed. There are numerous improvements that could be made at a biochemical level. Because our bodies have evolved and not been designed they have a number of inherent faults or areas that could function much better:

  1. The liver could manufacture and store all the 22 amino acids (like plants can). This would mean that we would not need to eat as much protein and we would not need to produce poisonous excretory products (such as urea) from the breakdown of excess amino acids that cannot be stored.
  2. We could have chlorophyll (like plants) which would enable us to produce some of our food from carbon dioxide and water (like plants do). It would mean we’d need less food and we’d produce some of our oxygen and use up some of our carbon dioxide – win, win, win.
  3. We could do away with deleterious genes. We all have a plethora of flawed genes which cause illnesses ranging from colour blindness to cancer, brain damage to heart disease and a range of other nasty illnesses. These are mainly recessive, which is why we are not allowed to marry close relatives (who will likely have the same damaged genes so the illnesses will be more prevalent) and it is best to marry someone from a different race (who is likely to have a different set of flawed genes so they are not likely to match up).
  4. We have many autoimmune problems that lead to such diseases as lupus, arthritis, multiple sclerosis. A better chemistry would deal with these.
  5. The liver could process lipids better so that cholesterol did not clog up arteries causing heart attacks and strokes.
  6. We could have more brown fat (rich in mitochondria) to burn off excess fats so that nobody became obese despite whatever diet they had.
  7. We could remove all the satellite DNA clogging up our chromosomes. Most of the DNA sequences are gobblegook, coding for nothing. They have built up over millions of years from defunct genes or copied sequences and have no purpose – like the old programmes and files clogging up our computers that require defragging.
  8. We could have a system that cleans the brain of impurities so that waste proteins don’t clog up the brain causing dementia.
  9. We could have articular cartilage that was more active at repairing itself so that our joints don’t wear out.

 

The possibilities for improving the human body on a biochemical level are endless. It is like it is because it is the product of evolution and not design. With a little thought the improvements would be immense.

Desmond Morris Quotes – A man who made me look at breasts in a different way.

Back when I were a lad I was greatly impressed by Desmond Morris. He got me thinking. I like people who get me thinking. I avidly read The Naked Ape and The Human Zoo and as a budding biologist and naturalist I was hooked. I found his theories on how human beings had evolved fascinating. Our sexual dimorphism was so extraordinary. Desmond made me look at buttocks, breasts, lips, cheeks and eyes in a completely different way. Who would have thought that evolving to walk upright would have made such a difference in focus. Before Desmond enlightened me I had assumed breasts were for producing milk. I had never seen them as substitute buttocks or lips as substitute labia. Suddenly it all made sense.
The Human Zoo was also a fascinating look at human behaviour. Not only was it very readable but it all made perfect sense. I found myself looking at the world in a new way.
Desmond is one of my heroes.
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The city is not a concrete jungle, it is a human zoo.
We are trapped in a cage of our own making – an artificial world. We exhibit all the behaviours of caged animals – the violence, aggression and frustration.
Biologically speaking, if something bites you it’s more likely to be female.
They are after your blood to make eggs or your meat for their progeny. Us men know that women are dangerous.
I viewed my fellow man not as a fallen angel, but as a risen ape.
The sooner we move away from this idea that we are not animals the better. We share 99% of our genes with the chimps and gorillas we are presently slaughtering for bushmeat. The sooner we start treating this as murder the better.
Artists like cats; soldiers like dogs.
I like dogs and cats – and rats, rabbits, crows, snakes, lizards, frogs, toads ………………
Life is like a very short visit to a toyshop between birth and death.
Far too short a visit – but plenty to delight in!

This is what I have to say about the destruction we are doing to nature and a way forward.

https://www.amazon.co.uk/Anthropocene-Apocalypse-Opher-Goodwin/dp/1502427079/ref=la_B00MSHUX6Y_1_13?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1478174075&sr=1-13

My Weird Sixties Surreal Book – Reality dreams – Chapter 39 – A shit day!

This story is based on real experience with a bit of Biology thrown in, a bit of philosophy and a bit of what could be described as Sci-fi mysticism.

I enjoyed it greatly. It was nice to write it up.

39.

Messny stood poised in the bathroom, bending over the bath as it filled with cold water, clutching a big tub full of used nappies. The early disposable variety had been invented but they were expensive, ecologically unsound, inefficient (they leaked) and not supposed to be as good for a baby’s skin, so Terry Towelling were the order of the day. They provided the opportunity to practice folding and pinning skills which Messny eventually mastered (without piercing the baby) and disposal of waste and rinsing out skills – which he was about to embark upon. The nappies had been discarded, soiled, into the large bin. When the bin was full it had to be opened, emptied and the contents recycled. The object of the exercise was to remove the inner muslin liner, along with as much solid material as possible, and place that in the waste bin, and then place the Terry Towelling in water to rinse out the remaining solids so that they were in a fit state to transfer to the washing machine to render them sparkly white and ready for use.

It is astounding how many nappies a baby will get through.

It is astonishing how quickly the bin fills.

It is unbelievable what smell is released when you remove the lid of the plastic dustbin.

In the division of labour that besets every household this was one of Messny’s tasks. He was the shit remover and squeezer of soiled nappies. It was a task that required a bath, lots of water, a numb nose and a fair bit of strength.

He discovered that if you get into the right frame of mind there was even some enjoyment, or at least job satisfaction, to be gained from the task. You even get used to the aroma.

After transfer to the bath the nappies assume two colours – part white and part yellowy-brown. The object is to squeeze, rub and rinse until the brown has become a yellow soup leaving the whole nappy a mild yellow colour which is deemed acceptable to then transfer to the washing machine.

Messny allowed his mind to roam. In an automatic mode it was easy to imagine the colours as armies locked in battle with Messny as the divine arbiter. Left to itself the cloth would descend into a festering brown stinking mass before finally decaying but with divine intervention it is restored back to a useful white cloth that can be effectively reused (and resoiled). It was a battle for good over evil.

Many questions presented themselves: Does the brown mass have a purpose too? Surely it gives life to billions of minute creatures which return nutrients back to the soil. Was he depriving them of life?

So what?

Messny decided that it would not be so bad if the shit was collected and returned to the garden to feed the plants, but it went down the drain or into landfill. It produced nitrates that polluted the water and bacteria that sapped oxygen from rivers and seas killing most life. It was destroying the environment.

Messny looked at the bin of shit and considered recycling it on the compost heap. But then he considered what the response might be. Janey might not be too enamoured. The neighbours might kick up a stink.

He chuckled and continued to pummel and squeeze.

Shit and disease do not appear to be as closely related as one might at first think. Messny had worked in a sewage farm. On a sewage farm all the raw sewage is processed. Everything that goes down the drains and toilets ends up there and the sewage workers work with shit every single day. They were often covered in shit, stank of shit and live with shit. It didn’t seem to worry them. It was almost impossible to go through a single day without getting plastered.

At first Messny was appalled. When he was instructed to climb down the ladder into one of the huge settling beds he discovered the rungs were covered in an inch thick layer. At first he tried walking down the ladder without touching the rungs but then there was the danger of falling backwards into the foot deep layer of shit at the bottom. He lost his balance and had to grab on. There were no gloves back then. He became used to it. The strange thing was that none of the men working at the plant seemed to ever get ill. It seemed to give them immunity. It was easy to get used to sludge, its smell and texture.

As each nappy assumed a uniform yellow colour it was removed from the bath and placed back in the bin destined for the washing machine. The worse thing was, when emptying the bath, the need to unclog the drain.

So Messny began his own campaign of secretly and surreptitiously adding to the compost heap, returning to the soil the nutrients that would end up in our food – completing the cycle. He delighted in it. The vegetable garden was full of beans, broccoli, cabbage, lettuce, carrots, spinach, leeks and tomatoes. They were enjoyed by the whole family – full of flavour and goodness. He enjoyed thinking that the atoms that had been in their bodies were once again present in the food they were eating. There was no need for fertilisers or chemicals to force the growth of the plants. It was all done naturally. There was a cycle of life that was all part of the natural harmony. The sun shone on them all.

As Messny squeezed the last of the brownish water out of the last yellow nappy he thought of the sun giving its energy to change that smelly brown substance into life, to make the protein that formed the cells, that gave the beauty to the plants. The vegetation was changed shit, green shit – reaching for the sun. Slowly ……….  Slowly …… they grew up, reaching up while the sun transformed shit to tissues and thought through its light. The plant sat around peacefully waiting to be eaten and went into forming the brains of the humans that ate them. Those brains were able, through their consciousness, to think up stories and invent things, so the sun was really a huge re-aroma machine for transforming shit into imagination.

Atoms passed in, formed chemicals, gave rise to thoughts, and passed out again. Our bodies are only piss and shit organised into a slightly different arrangement for a while.

Messny chucked the last one in the bin. Cleaned out the bath and lugged the bin to the washing machine. He put the smaller bin of shit to one side to deal with later.

Cells come and cells go, Messny thought. Every three months every single cell in our body, apart from our nerves, is replaced. We appear to be stable but we are really temporary and in a state of permanent flux.

Later that evening, when Janey had gone to bed, Messny took the shit into the garden, dug into the compost and deposited the contents. Then he peed on the compost for good measure. The moon looked down on him. All was well. He looked over at the vegetable patch where all the plants were clearly visible in the moonlight.

Their previous bodies and future bodies were growing nicely. The green leaves looked black in the moonlight but in future they would be sparking up in their heads with new ideas.

It was far better this way.

Messny headed back up to bed and climbed in next to the drowsy Janey. He could not sleep. His mind was whirring away. He was imagining those molecules that had resided in his body and been part of his consciousness now residing in the green bodies outside. He wondered what consciousness they were sharing now? Whether molecules could feel or were privy to that consciousness. They were endlessly recycled, back and forth, through body after body, mind after mind. What a strange journey.

He liked to think they were aware of the thoughts and dreams of the array of beings they inhabited – the plants, worms, bacteria, insects and humans. What journeys they were endlessly going through.

Messny wondered whether he ought to ensure that all the waste leaving his body ended up in the back garden, in the vegetable patch, so that all his molecules could be recycled to him and his family in some strange kind of cannibalism. He did not like to think of them being discarded down the toilet, unwanted and unloved; to be soullessly passed down cold, dank drains and adulterated with chemicals; to be removed from the sustaining cycle they were part of. He preferred to think of them being cherished and tended in that vegetable patch where he could watch them grow.

Messny chuckled and Janey grumbled drowsily. He was disturbing her.

Messny stifled his chuckles and contented himself with a broad grin.

He wondered whether the plants were aware of himself and the rest of his family? Whether they knew where the nutrients came from? He wanted to believe that they were full of more wisdom than himself. Maybe they were watching him and willing him to produce the fertiliser. He nearly chortled again.

He lay in the day with his mind mulling over many strange thoughts.

Shit and piss to food …….. and food to shit and piss.

That is the way of the world.

It is the cycle that is important. We are all part of each other. Our bodies have no limit and no end. We are merely a vehicle for molecules to inhabit. We spread out to when life began from the ooze and on to inhabit other forms of life. It is endless.

Maybe all life is just a vehicle for molecules to live a more interesting life? Maybe it is not us that is important but the shit? Maybe it is not our thoughts that are important but shit’s thoughts?

Could it be that we are manufactured by shit? Deliberately manufactured?

Messny quite liked the thought that he might be nothing more than a vehicle to brighten up the day of a few zillion molecules.

With that thought he drifted off to sleep and dreamt.

Blame The Vagina For Our Ignorance.

The problems associated with birth are just one of many problems associated with the human body. This was a great post.

Are plants cleverer that humans?

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What makes an animal intelligent? – Its brain.

How does the brain work? –  It forms a complex network of neurones that fire as with a computer.

How do the nerve cells fire? – They have electrochemical charges on their membranes. They change electric potential by moving charged ions.

Do plants think? – We don’t know. We know they are conscious of their environment and respond to it.

How would a plant think? It doesn’t have a brain or nervous system does it? – All plant cells have the same electro-potential as brain cells. Maybe the whole plant operates as a brain?

The differences between plants and animals is a result of what they eat!

If you start off by imagining a plant and an animal as a blob we can go from there!

Plants make their own food from light, water, carbon dioxide and mineral salts.

Animals have to eat complex food from plants and animals.

The Animal

It has to find its food so it needs senses.

It has to move to get to its food so it needs limbs.

It has to eat and break down the food so it needs a digestive system.

It needs a nervous system to coordinate the senses and control the limbs.

Because it is moving it uses lots of energy and requires lungs and a heart and blood system.

Because there are waste molecules in the food it takes in it has to excrete them.

Hence the animal is complex and has lots of crucial systems that make it vulnerable.

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The Plant

It doesn’t have to move because all its necessary materials are all around it.

It develops flat projects to increase it’s surface area to absorb light and carbon dioxide (Leaves)

It develops projects to go down into the soil to absorb water and mineral salts (Roots)

It develops tubes to carry the water and food around its body

It sits there and feeds.

Reproduction is a problem because it can’t move so they get insects and the wind to do all the hard work for them.

A plant’s cells are 200 times more complex than an animals but it’s body is much simpler. Therefore it is not prone to damage. It is less vulnerable. It does not have lots of essential, delicate systems.

It is conscious.

The difference between a plant and animal is due to the way they eat. Plants are the highest forms of animals. They are much more complex than us.

 

Love, Sex, Romance, Friendship, Hormones, Brain Chemistry, Biology and Evolution.

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It was Cheryl who sparked these thoughts off.

As a Biologist I am always aware of what puppets we are to our genes, chemistry and psychology. We think we have free will but I believe it is largely a myth. We are ruled by our evolution.

As a species we are so new that our body chemistry and psychology hasn’t even begun to keep pace with our technology. We are chimps living in cities but acting like we are still in the jungle.

Friendship – such a crucial element for hunting. When you are out in the jungle with dangerous animals you have to put your trust in the friend next to you. Together, as a small hunting group, you can drive off a fearsome predator or make a kill that will feed the whole tribe. As a young hunter you had respect. Your friendship group of fellow hunters were trusted friends – you put your life in their hands; you faced danger and fear together; you bonded through terror. Your bravery and loyalty was crucial.

Now-a-days we see groups of youths in gangs on the streets in their hunting groups. Except there are no predators to ward off or beasts to kill. Yet they still crave the excitement and danger, still bond and seek the respect. They’ve lost their purpose and status.

Love – a biological phenomenon to pair bond sufficiently to have, and raise, children. An hormonal rush, endorphin saturation of the brain, and a passing phase. The female selects the highest status male she can. The aim is to find compatible genes to meld with her own in order to produce offspring who are endowed with the best in order to survive. The pair bonding is a euphoric rush of brain chemicals – no more. It induces feelings of protection and promotes crazy bouts of sex. The idea being that while the male is infatuated and the female hampered by pregnancy and an infant, he will protect and provide. But the love that will last forever soon loses its glow as after the duration necessary for the child to grow, the brain chemicals subside. A new infatuation develops with other potential partners – it is better no to put all your eggs in one basket (so to speak). A different set of genes provides more survival possibilities for a female’s offspring. Genetic variation. DNA testing in modern families show that a high proportion of children from supposedly loyal monogamous marriages have different fathers. Biologically we are programmed to be serial monogamists and some males more promiscuous (the cuckoo effect). Women are seduced by status.

Yet we also see that once the hormones and brain chemistry subsides there is the possibility of a different relationship – based on respect, affection, trust and ‘love’. It is deeper and less frenetic and brings pleasure and contentment. It is a different partnership.

Five major ‘Design’ faults with the human body!

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Because the human body is the result of billions of years of evolution through chance mutation and selection it is far from perfect. Given the opportunity to design a human from scratch there are glaring problems that need addressing. As a biologist these are blindingly obvious. The human being is far from perfect.

Here are five major problems that could be addressed with simple design:

  1. The single opening to the lungs and its opening into the mouth/digestive tract.

Many people choke to death because of a simple ‘design’ fault. Because the lungs developed out of a sac/swimbladder of a fish as a part of the digestive tract we are saddled with one single opening into the mouth which opens right next to our oesophagus. Consequently we can easily choke and often do.

Answer: – two or more separate openings into the lungs that are completely separate to the digestive system. If one becomes blocked it would not be fatal. There would be less likelihood of food or drink going down the wrong tube.

2. The opening of the reproductive system, excretory system and egestory systems in one place.

Because the whole egestory, excretory and excretory systems are designed to open into a common cloaca of a fish living in water, where there would not have been a hygiene problem, they still open in the same area now. Except that we have evolved to live on land and this close association of the three openings together creates hygiene problems. The vagina and uterus, with its adaptations for life on land, facilitates internal fertilisation and development of the embryo. Thus allows entry of bacteria and a fertile area for them to breed. The contamination of faecal bacteria causes infections of the urinary tract and reproductive system. The genitals are contaminated with both urine and faeces. A recipe for infection. Also not brilliant for sex!

Answer: separate the three opening so that urine is not voided through the vulva and faeces are not ejected right next to the vagina.

3. the neck and brain.

Because of cephalisation the brain and senses organs are grouped at the front. With the increased size of the brain it has become more delicate and we now find it encased in protective bone on the end of a flexible neck. As we lead with our head our brain is vulnerable and the neck is extremely open to damage. We suffer concussion, brain injuries, broken necks and paraplegia.

Answer: house the brain in the centre of the chest where it would be better protected and also closer to the heart to ensure a great blood supply (oxygen and nutrients). There would be no need for a protective skull and no neck to break. The senses – sight, hearing, taste, smell, could still be congregated at the front.

4. The testes on the outside of the body.

As any man knows the most painful experience a man can have (85.6X childbirth) is to have a severely blow to the testes. It is mind-blowingly, paralysingly, agony. Yet there they are – an easy target and major weakness when fighting, hunting or participating in a domestic. They invite a good kick. The reason they are there is because sperm production is better at a temperature below body temperature.

Answer: make sperm production best at body temperature and put them where women keep there’s – inside the abdominal cavity!

5. The vertebral column

The vertebral column is the wrong shape. It has evolved for walking on all fours (as with chimps and gorillas) and has not yet evolved to suit bipedal ambulation. Consequently people are plagued with back ache and major problems caused by curvature of the spine. It cripples millions of people.

Answer: adapted the shape of the spine so that the weight bearing problems associated with bipedal locomotion do not cause the pressures, strains and structural decay we currently find.

I could go on through a list of other problems associated with our imperfect bodies – biochemically, with tissues and organs and structurally (feet, hip joints, knees, appendices, placques, deleterious genes…….). If we were made in god’s image or created then there has been a major cock-up somewhere down the line.

The human body functions but is far from perfect. A day spent in a design centre could come up with a far superior model that would not suffer with this range of problems.

Food for thought.

The Story of Life

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The Story of Life

Once upon a time there was time, more time than the human mind can imagine, billions of years, time enough to do the impossible, time enough for things that seem like magic to occur.

That is the incredible story of life, how it began and how its inception was more astounding than god and almost as unlikely.

Step by slow step the unbelievable happened. The slowness, unlikeliness and wonder of it is beyond our conception. We would rather believe in dragons, magic and supernatural creatures who are spawned from nowhere, just like the universe itself.

But life did not come from nowhere. It formed ever so sluggishly by chance through more time than we can understand because it had all the time in the world.

We know it happened because we are here to tell the tale.