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Bernard Spiegal@wordpress, his Blog Head Line reads: Toward a Greater Israel.
It includes a snapshot opinion expressed by an Arab and the left wing Haaretz. Spiegal has a very low opinion of the Jewish State. He [reports]: “Israel is a militaristic state. For many years now, it has ranked first in the Global Militarisation Index (GMI). By way of contrast, the USA ranks twenty-seventh, the UK seventy-seventh. The GMI bases its rankings on a set of quantifiable indicators, for example, GMI compares a country’s military expenditure with its Gross Domestic Product, and its health expenditure.”
According to the GMI webpage: [Quote\UnQuote]: GMI Categories and method — The GMI is divided into three overarching categories: expenditure, personnel and heavy weapons. Military spending in relation to GDP and health spending are the most important indicators for determining the level of militarisation. Financial resources which are made available via the military budget by a government are an important factor which affects capacities and size of a state’s armed forces. The other indicator the GMI uses is the comparison between the total military budget and government spending on health services.
The Atlantic and Pacific Oceans border the United States. Israel by sharp contrast has had to fight 3 wars of potential extermination. In 1967 President Nasser promised that Arab armies would accomplish in that up coming war what they failed to achieve in 1948, to complete the Nazi genocide of the Jews. The Israeli government likewise expected 10s of thousands of Israeli casualties in the up coming war.
Great Power politics dominated the conflict. When the Soviets realized the extent of the Arab defeat, they forced the UN to impose a cease fire after only 6 Days! According to Dennis Ross, former special assistant to Obama, the June war caught Johnson by surprise; his energies and focus centered at that time upon Vietnam. Both the US and the Soviets demanded a cease fire when Israeli military forces threatened to capture the Syrian Capital of Damascus!
According to Nicholas Rostow, a former special assistant to Presidents Reagan and George H. W. Bush, and legal advisor to the U.S. mission at the United Nations, UN Security Council Resolution 242 remains the only framework. US strategic Foreign Policy, established by the Truman Administration, stands upon 2 legs: (1) The Marshal Plan: aid in exchange for US military bases stationed in those countries with receive US aid. (2) The Containment Policy: otherwise known as the 2 State solution. Korea, Vietnam, and Israel all serve as examples of this Great Power foreign policy agenda.
“After the war, Johnson gave an important speech on the Middle East that laid out the main ideas embodied in Resolution 242: namely, that every nation had a fundamental right to live in peace and have that right respected by its neighbors; that threats to eliminate neighbors had become a burden to world peace; that nations had to agree to these principles if they wanted to be part of the UN Charter; that a new respect for refugees was needed; that maritime rights had to be respected; that arms races had to be curtailed; that respect for the political and territorial
independence of all states was essential; and that all parties should respect the three major religions linked to Jerusalem. The most fundamental point was that Israel would not be forced out of the territories it conquered without peace. Each of these points became part of 242. The process of getting there was arduous, but states were more willing to look at the problem rationally after the pressure of war had come to an end.”
The political rhetoric of this speech conceals Great Power strategic interests. The Israeli shocking victory in that war, effectively changed the balance of power in the Middle East. The interests of both the US and the USSR, included the former Great Powers of Britain and France, all these hostile foreign States sought to reverse and negate the disturbance to the balance of power which came as a result of the Israeli victory.
The key term of this rhetoric, which hangs a mountain by a hair, the term “P E A C E”. This key term applies to allies and never to enemies. Peace requires trust, and only a fool trusts his enemy. What defines Great Power politics? When Super-Powers share no common border with other countries on the planet … yet these Super-Powers make it their strategic interests to determine the international borders of those “inferior” States. The lessor rate powers of Europe pretend that they determine, by means of writing a Treaty among themselves, like the Rome Agreement, that they define the meaning and intent of “International Law”. The UN, a creation of the victors of WWll, continually condemns Israel for violating “International Law”; France wrote its own version of UN Resolution 242.
The main stream media functions as the obedient poodle of Governments who dominate the UN Security Council and General Assembly. The term “News” refers to recent history rather that strategic planning or tactics involved in up and coming decision making. Reporters have little, if any training or knowledge concerning theories of strategic planning or tactics. The job of reporters centers upon selling copy, that’s read today and immediately thrown in the trash thereafter. In short, newspaper copy — not a particularly reliable or good source for acquiring anything other than gossip and slander.
Michael Mandelbaum, a former senior fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations; currently a professor emeritus of American foreign policy at Johns Hopkins University’s Nitze School of Advanced International Studies and author of the book Mission Failure: America and the World in the Post-Cold War Era (2016). Its an important rule to consider the credentials of all givers of public information &\or “news”.
His stated opinion concerning the consequences of the 6 Day War: “… had long-term regional consequences for the United States. The overriding result was the establishment of Israeli military supremacy, which continues to be a major strategic asset for Washington.” This statement validates the statement made by this blog that the ’67 Israeli victory changed the balance of power in the Middle East. Hence the UN Security Council, specifically the US, France, and the USSR, sought to negate through UN Resolution 242 the Israeli victory in our 2nd War of Independence.
Immediately after the Israelis changed the balance of power in the Middle East, the EU, many Muslim countries in Africa, and the USSR and UN General Assembly and Security Council started to condemn the “Israeli occupation of the captured Arab territories”. Despite the FACT that when Jordan illegally annexed these same “captured territories” in 1948, all UN member countries, except for Britain and Pakistan, denounced the Jordanian annexation of these “captured territories” as illegal!
After the Arab defeat in 1967, suddenly Israel transformed itself, according to the international press, into an Apartheid, Zionism is Racism, illegal settler of Arab occupied territories. The continuous string of UN condemnations of Israel by the General Assembly of the UN which denounce the Jewish state as a violator of International law etc etc etc, this propaganda rhetoric appeals and seeks to arouse an international emotional react.
Immediately after Israeli changed the balance of power in the Middle East, governments east and west, with an agenda to dominate all the countries of the Middle East and make this region of the world into divided spheres of influence parceled out between the Great Powers, their main stream media poodles began barking how the Middle East anarchy threaten the stability of the entire world. The without Peace, and Peace Soon, the world would rapidly descend unto a nuclear Armageddon. Notice no Parliament leader in Britain or Europe ever challenged this poppycock agenda as utter and complete none sense!
Propanda rhetoric aims to offend the emotions of the uneducated masses who tend to think relying upon the heads of their penises rather than relying upon logic and rational thought. Made a response to Bernard Spiegal, but upon reflection concluded that such an emotional lightweight would most likely delete my comment to his blog. Therefore, decided to copy and paste my response to his reactionary condemnation of my country, a country which I personally seriously doubt he has even once ever visited. Therefore without further ado, may response made to his reactionary tripe\rubbish.
Takes 2 hands to clap. Your article only focuses upon one hand. That’s not objective reporting but propaganda. This “pogrom” as you label it, did the Jews kill a Balestinian baby and use its blood to make Pass Over matza???? You article seeks to arouse an emotional reaction from your 45 followers. Do you support Nazi propaganda which sought to arouse German emotions to a fever pitch to justify the illegal invasion of Poland? If the latter – utterly immoral, then so too your rhetoric propaganda which reports on only one side of the dispute.
What does your Head Line “Greater Israel” have to do with a local dispute in Hebron? The propaganda “Greater Israel” came from Yasser Arafat suggesting an image on the 50 agorot 1\2 new shekel coin represented a map of an Israel that included Jordan, Syria, and a good portion of Iraq! So why do you make this absurd Arab propaganda piece the Head Line of your pogrom hysteria piece?
Honestly I do not know if you even read my objections to your article. A self hating Jew who despises the Jewish state, what happens – to to mass of assimilated Jewry – when anarchy and chaos erupts in the US? Will you flee to Israel? I suggest this question has a very reasonable basis. Why? If you examine all the societies across Europe which expelled Jewish populations from their countries Britain, France, Spain, German, Russia etc,,, what common denominator do all the Jewish populations in those countries share in common? A very high assimilation rate among the Jewish populations living in those countries!!! What’s the % of assimilation and intermarriage of Jews, like yourself, in America???
When Arab refugee terrorists fire thousands of missiles and mortar shells into Israeli population centers, do you call that a pogrom? No. When Hamas terrorists kidnap and murder 3 Israeli teens returning home from school, do you condemn and denounce this atrocity with a Head Line: Arabs attempt again to throw the Jews into the Sea? No.
Israel fought two wars of Independence, one in 1948 and the second in 1967. President Nasser of Egypt promised his people that Arab armies would accomplish in 1967 what they failed to achieve in 1948! The Israeli government at the time took him at his word. They dug graves for the expected 10s of thousands of Israeli war deaths. The surprise attack where the Israeli Air Force destroyed the Egyptian and Syrian Air Forces in a matter of minutes proved the dreaded fears of the Prime Minister of Israel as unfounded.
Arabs rejected the 2 State UN proposal made in 1947 and then lost their war, which 5 Arab armies initiated, to throw the Jews into the Sea and complete the Nazi Shoah. It totally amazes me that self hating Jews like yourself abhor and detest your own people.mosckerr
According to the “Palestinian Chronicle”: ” We’re in the South Hebron Hills this morning together with our partners and hundreds of Israelis and Palestinians in order to demand access to water for all and to protest against settler violence. ”
You blog failed to even mention this as the source of the dispute. That pro Arab paper also writes: “Rateb Jabour, a local anti-colonization activist, told WAFA that the protesters chanted slogans against illegal settlement expansion at the expense of the native Palestinian population …”
Did you know that Arabs of the Middle East can not even pronounce the letter P, as in the European word “Palestine”? No. You do not, nor did not know this FACT. Did you know that during the British Mandate labeled by the League of Nations as the “Palestine Mandate”, that the land included Jordan and Iraq? Ooooops ya did not know that either.
Did you know that the French and British agreed in 1916 how they would partition Ottoman Greater Syria, in the secret Sykes-Picot treaty, among their respective empires after they defeated the Central Powers? Do you know that the Ottoman territory of “Greater Syria” included the present day countries of Lebanon, Syria, Israel, Jordan, and Iraq? Ooooops ya did not know that either.
Perhaps you should first educate yourself on this conflict which directly involves the strategic interests of Great Power politics before you limit the dispute between Israel and Arab refugees who have no country of their own.
Last question, if your arrogance permits you to read this far. Did you know that never in the history of all man kind on the Planet Earth, that no country of “Palestine” has ever existed? Yet you condemn Israel for not permitting a Palestinian State!!! Dude wake up and smell the coffee.
There has been a Palestinian State. I’ve shown you the maps.
Lies, damn lies, statistics & maps. Never a currency nor a Capital of Palestine.
I’ll show you again – but you defend people stealing other peoples’ homes.
Bunk you make circular arguments from complete and total ignorance … declare that my people stole other peoples homes, yet never give one single example. Idiot.
They are still stealing them with their illegal settlements.
Here’s the stealing in maps:
https://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fmondoweiss.net%2F2018%2F06%2Fdisappearing-palestine-spotlight%2F&psig=AOvVaw1Pb2SunyigePq8yZoqwfgO&ust=1633642960236000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CAkQjRxqFwoTCIj7wbXgtvMCFQAAAAAdAAAAABAD
mondoweiss a hostile Reform Judaism publication which compares to Neturei Karta in its open hostility to the Jewish state!!! Ooooops ya did not know that. Revisionist history sucks. The original British Mandate of Ottoman Greater Syria — the French took as their spoils of war the portions of Lebanon, and Syria of Ottoman Greater Syria! The British took as their share of Ottoman Greater Syria the lands of Israel, Jordan, and Iraq. Britain separated after it received the Palestine Mandate from the League of Nations – first it chopped off Iraq from being part of the Palestine Mandate. Then it lobbed off Trans-Jordan “at the Jordan river” from being part of the Palestine Mandate. Idiot why do you continually show off your complete and total ignorance of this subject?
Yo-Yo you never learn. Ya repeat the same errors over and over and over like a Yo-Yo goes up and down the string.
Ho Ho Moshe – look in the mirror and then look at the applied racism and religious fanaticism of your leadership who continue to oppress and steal.
Bunk once more you go off topic. You babble and lie about Palestine. When proved wrong you make a personal Ad hominem attack to cover your blind silly and utterly stupid ignorance.
Look at the map Moshe – the evidence is there!
Saw your make believe map. The British Palestine mandate included the countries of Iraq, Jordan and Israel. Idiot.
Grow up Moshe. Open your eyes.
Why do you ignore the facts of history? The league of nations included within the Palestine mandate the territories of Iraq and Jordan!!! Idiot.
All you are saying is that Palestine started even bigger and then got smaller.
Why do you condone racism, theft and suppression??
more false and empty charges. Bunk on you and your Ad hominem off topic attacks. You claim in the past unto today that Jews stole land yet you have never brought any evidence which supports your claim other than propaganda maps supported by Jew haters.
I certainly don’t hate Jews – I don’t like Israel’s right-wing leadership, their aggression, racism and theft.
Bunk. Again you do not qualify as Judge Jury and Prosecutor of the Jewish State. Know nothing idiot.
The UN is the judge.
Quotes from Martin Luther, The Jews and their Lies.
[[First, that we avoid their synagogues and schools
and warn people against them. A n d such should be
done to the glory of God and Christendom, that God
may see that we are Christians and have not knowing-
ly tolerated such lying, cursing and blaspheming of
His Son and His Christians.
Secondly, that you also refuse to let them own houses
among us. For they practice the same thing i n their
houses as they do i n their schools. Instead, you might
place them under a roof, or stable, like the Gypsies,
to let them know that they are not lords i n our coun-
try as they boast, but i n exile as captives; like with-
out ceasing they howl bloody murder and complain
about us before God.
and warn people against them. A n d such should be
done to the glory of God and Christendom, that God
may see that we are Christians and have not knowing-
ly tolerated such lying, cursing and blaspheming of
His Son and His Christians. For what we so far have
tolerated in ignorance, God
will forgive us. Now that we know it, however, and in
spite should before our very noses tolerate such a
building for the Jew in which they blaspheme, curse,
spit upon and disgrace Christ and us, that would be
simply too much, as i f we did it ourselves and much
worse, as you well know. Moses writes i n Deute-
ronomy that where a-city practiced idolatry, it should
be entirely destroyed with fire and leave nothing. If
he were living today he would be the first to put fire
to the Jew schools and houses.
Secondly, that you also refuse to let them own houses
among us. For they practice the same thing i n their
houses as they do i n their schools. Instead, you might
place them under a roof, or stable, like the Gypsies,
to let them know that they are not lords i n our coun-
try as they boast, but i n exile as captives; like with-
out ceasing they howl bloody murder and complain
about us before God.
Thirdly, that you take away from them all of their
prayer books and Talmuds wherein such lying,
cursing, and blaspheming is taught.
Fourthly, that you prohibit their Rabbis to teach.
For they have forfeited the right to such an office,
because they keep the poor Jews captive with the pas-
sage of Moses 7 :11,12, who there commands them to
obey their teachers under threat of losing body and
soul.
Fifthly, that protection for Jews on highways be re-
voked. For they have no right to be in the land, be-
cause they are not lords, nor officials. They should
stay at home
State not people!!
Martin Luther was a religious fanatic!!
Judenfeindlich… In 1942 Louis Wolsey, founder of the American Council for Judaism (ACJ), the only American Jewish organization created with the explicit purpose to prevent the Jewish State of Israel. Progressive Reform Judaism directly compares to Neturei Karta (Guardians of the City). When Lessing Rosenwald and Rabbi Elmer Berger assumed the leadership of the ACJ in 1943, they separated the ACJ itself away from Reform Judaism, making it into a secular anti-Zionist pressure group, similar to the hostile progressive Judaism rag, known as Mondoweiss.
The Pittsburgh Platform of 1885 defined Reform theology by denouncing Jewish nationalism as expressed by political Zionism. Hertzl’s premise that European depravity toward Jews, that this insanity had no cure – the Pittsburgh Platform openly rejected. European anti-Semitism, according to Progressive Judaism’s rabbinic leader, does not compares to an advanced case of rabies. In America, Reform Judaism functions as the most vocal critic of Zionism and the Jewish State.
The British betrayal and bad faith to the Balfour Agreement has permanently disrupted Jewish willingness to trust the word, and promises made by British politicians. Early in the 1920s Churchill’s White Paper threw the Jews under the bus. The British treachery & sabotage culminated in the 2nd White Paper, and the Churchill’s Whitehall decision to permit the Nazis to slaughter European Jewry. The Allies refused to bomb the rail lines, which transported Jews to the death camps.
The world Zionist movement in its war against Britain, turned to strike an alliance with Washington. Rabbi Wolsey defied WZO and continued to promote classic Reform theology which denounces Jewish nationalism. Reform Judaism took the view that the Shoah destruction, which murdered 75% of European Jewry, occurred as but a mere ‘temporary aberration’. The ACJ favored a democratic state in Palestine, wherein Arabs and Jews shared government power. It rejected outright, the creation of an exclusively Jewish state. It despised Zionism, and accused Zionists of making a plot wherein Jews politically exploited the Shoah war crimes. Progressive Reform Jews condemned all Zionist leaders for turning the Holocaust into a political whore; in order to generate sympathy for the establishment of the Jewish state of Israel.
Between 1943 to 1948, the ACJ made an alliance with the State Department officials, including Sumner Welles, Dean Acheson, Loy Henderson and Kermit Roosevelt. The ACJ began its disgraceful betrayal of Torah faith, just as confirmation of the Nazi mass extermination of the Jews of Europe became publicly known. The disgrace of Progressive Reform Judaism’s hideous theologies, compares to the rise and fall of Russian Jewry’s hopes. Czar Alexander ll, his decision to terminate the Russian feudal economy in the 1860s; his assassination coupled with the violent pogroms that thereafter erupted, the shock effect of massive pogrom violence – compares to the Space Shuttle Challenger explosion.
But the curse of self hating Jews as perpetuated through Reform progressive theology conceals an even bigger disgrace,,, the abhorrent failure of Reform rabbis to confront the Torah assimilation curse, read every Yom Kippur – at the Minchah Torah services. The command not to embrace and follow after the cultures and customs practiced by all Goyim nations,,, who never accepted the revelation of the Torah at both Sinai and Horev. During the height of the Russian pogroms and French Dreyfus Affair, rabbinic Reform leaders declared Berlin as their ‘New Jerusalem’. Self hating Jews, they have no shame.
Here I bring the very words quoted from Martin Luther: The Jews and their lies. You directly resemble that pig.
[[[[Now behold what a nice, thick, fat lie it is when
they complain about being captives among us. Jeru-
salem was destroyed more than 1400 years ago and
during that time we Christians have been tortured
and persecuted by the Jews in all the world. F o r near-
ly 300 years (as stated above) we might well complain
that during that time they captured and killed the
Christians, which is the clear truth. On top of that,
we do not know to this day which Devil brought them
into our country. We did not fetch them from Jerusa-
lem! ]]]]
The guy was a racist religious fanatic. What’s that got to do with anything??? The world was different in the 16th century.
I’m criticising the actions of the Israeli State not Jews.
That guy — your mirror image.
Silly boy.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordanian_annexation_of_the_West_Bank
What year did Israel steal this land? Idiot.
Can’t you see the map????
No more than did Martin Luther. HaHaHaHa. He tooooo condemned Jews for theft and oppression. And found it soooo convenient – like yourself – to never bring any factual evidence. You employ map pictures composed by Jews who hate their own people! That’s all you got, slander.
You quote me some religious fanatic from the 16th century?????
I don’t condemn Jews – I condemn their fascist leadership. Condemning the actions of a fascist State is not condemning the Jewish people.
I criticise Johnson and his fascist extremists. I’m not criticising the British people (apart from supporting such a lying pig).
Bunk. The Jewish state has a population of almost 9 million Jews. ass*
Yes – and the Israeli state does some terrible things. The Jews should vote in a better government.
All States do terrible things. England should vote in a better government … empty noise.
I quite agree. Our government is atrocious and in the past we’ve had worse.
Then condemn your own State and mind your own business about Israel.
I condemn fascism where-ever I see it. I am the biggest condemner of my own state. But I do not ignore the plight of my neighbours. We are all one.
You condemn Jews for stealing land — off the cuff. You have zero factual evidence and rely only on picture propaganda. Idiot.
I read about all the illegal settlements and the way Palestinians are treated. It stinks. Fanatical religion is always dire.
Based on the source of your “MAPS” I see what you read. Idiot.
A fool bases his view on limited input. I could have chosen a hundred different sources.
You read picture comic books and hold yourself an expert on foreign countries internal affairs. What a ignoramus prig.
No – I just recognise injustice, racism and fascism when I see it.
A condensed version of Xtian criminal injustice against stateless Jewish refugee populations. These incessent and repeated war crimes incited the Arabs to likewise despise Jewish refugee populations.
Jew haters in Europe today, their focus upon Balestinians makes a mockery of their criminal guilt. These guilty barbarians pretend that they possess a moral mandate to dismantle the Jewish State of Israel. Post Shoah Europe lost all respect, Xtianity stands disgraced as dishonest and based upon lies.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_antisemitism
Fourth century306The Synod of Elvira bans intermarriage between Christians and Jews. Other social intercourses, such as eating together, are also forbidden.315Constantine I enacts various laws regarding the Jews: Jews are not allowed to own Christian slaves or to circumcise their slaves. Conversion of Christians to Judaism is outlawed. Congregations for religious services are restricted, but Jews are also allowed to enter the restituted Jerusalem on the anniversary of the Temple’s destruction.325Jews are expelled and banned from Jerusalem.325First Ecumenical Council of Nicaea. The Christian Church separates the calculation of the date of Easter from the Jewish Passover: “It was … declared improper to follow the custom of the Jews in the celebration of this holy festival, because, their hands having been stained with crime, the minds of these wretched men are necessarily blinded…. Let us, then, have nothing in common with the Jews, who are our adversaries. … avoiding all contact with that evil way. … who, after having compassed the death of the Lord, being out of their minds, are guided not by sound reason, but by an unrestrained passion, wherever their innate madness carries them. … a people so utterly depraved. … Therefore, this irregularity must be corrected, in order that we may no more have any thing in common with those parricides and the murderers of our Lord. … no single point in common with the perjury of the Jews.”[15][16]330Rabbah bar Nahmani is forced to flee to the forest where he dies.339Intermarriage between Christians and Jews is banned in the Roman Empire, declaring the punishment death.351Book burning of Jewish texts in Persia.[citation needed]351–352Jewish revolt against Constantius Gallus. Jews rise up against the corrupt rule of Gallus. Many towns are destroyed, thousands are killed.353Constantius II institutes a law stating that any Christian who converts to Judaism will have their property confiscated.361Roman Emperor Julian the Apostate, allows the Jews to return to “Holy Jerusalem which you have for many years longed to see rebuilt” and to rebuild the Temple.380St. Gregory of Nysa calls Jews “murders of the Lord, assassins of the prophets, rebels and detesters of God, companions of the devils, a race of vipers.”386John Chrysostom of Antioch writes eight homilies called Adversus Judaeos (lit: Against the Judaizers). See also: Christianity and antisemitism.3881 August: A Christian mob incited by the local bishop plunders and burns down a synagogue in Callinicum. Theodosius I orders that those responsible be punished, and the synagogue is rebuilt at the Christians’ expense. Ambrose of Milan insists in his letter that the whole case be dropped. He interrupts the liturgy in the emperor’s presence with an ultimatum that he will not continue until the case is dropped. Theodosius complies.[17]399The Western Roman Emperor Honorius calls Judaism superstitio indigna and confiscates gold and silver collected by the synagogues for Jerusalem.Fifth century408Roman laws pass which prohibit Jews from setting fire to Haman, stating that they are mocking Christianity.415A Jewish uprising in Alexandria claims the lives of many Christians.[18] Bishop Cyril forces his way into the synagogue, expels the Jews (some authors estimate the numbers of Jews expelled up to 100 thousand[19][20]) and gives their property to the mob. Later, near Antioch, Jews are accused of ritual murder during Purim.[21] Christians confiscate the synagogue. Jews call it “415 C.E. Alexandria Expulsion”.[22]415An edict issued by the Emperors Honorius and Theodosius II ban building new Synagogues and converting non-Jews to Judaism.418The first record of Jews being forced to convert or face expulsion. Bishop Severus of Menorca, claimed to have forced 540 Jews to accept Christianity upon conquering the island. The synagogue in Magona, now Port Mahon the capital of Menorca, is burned.419The monk Barsauma (not to be confused with the famous Bishop of Nisibis) gathers a group of followers and for the next three years, he destroys synagogues throughout the province of Palestine.425The final nasi of the ancient Sanhedrin Gamliel VI is executed by the Roman Empire. This subsequently ended the Jewish patriarchate.429The East Roman Emperor Theodosius II orders that all funds raised by Jews to support their schools be turned over to his treasury.438Theodosius II’s wife visits Jerusalem, and arranges for Jews to visit and pray at the ruins of the Temple Mount. This leads to Jews emigrating to Jerusalem, where some are killed after being stabbed and stoned by local monks. At the trial for the deaths the monks claimed that the stones fell from heaven and thus they were acquitted.439The Codex Theodosianus, the first imperial compilation of laws. Jews are prohibited from holding important positions involving money, including judicial and executive offices. The ban against building new synagogues is reinstated. The anti-Jewish statutes also apply to the Samaritans. The Code is also accepted by Western Roman Emperor, Valentinian III.451Sassanid ruler Yazdegerd II of Persia’s decree abolishes the Sabbath and orders executions of Jewish leaders, including the Exilarch Mar Nuna.465Council of Vannes, Gaul prohibited the Christian clergy from participating in Jewish feasts.469Half of the Jewish population of Isfahan is put to death and their children are brought up as ‘fire-worshippers’ over the alleged killing of two Magi Priests.470Exilarch Huna V is executed as a result of persecution under King Peroz (Firuz) of Persia.Sixth century502After the Jews of Babylon revolt and gain a short period of independence, the Persian King Kobad crucifies the Exilarch Mar-Zutra II on the bridge of Mahoza.506Synagogue of Daphne is destroyed and its inhabitants are massacred by a Christian mob celebrating the result of a chariot race.517Christians are banned from participating in Jewish feasts as a result of the Council of Epaone.519Ravenna, Italy. After the local synagogues were burned down by the local mob, the Ostrogothic king Theodoric the Great orders the town to rebuild them at its own expense.529–559Byzantine Emperor Justinian the Great publishes Corpus Juris Civilis. New laws restrict citizenship to Christians. These regulations determined the status of Jews throughout the Empire for hundreds of years: Jewish civil rights restricted: “they shall enjoy no honors”. The principle of Servitus Judaeorum (Servitude of the Jews) is established: the Jews cannot testify against Christians. The emperor becomes an arbiter in internal Jewish matters.[clarification needed] The use of the Hebrew language in worship is forbidden. Shema Yisrael (“Hear, O Israel, the Lord is one”), sometimes considered the most important prayer in Judaism, is banned as a denial of the Trinity. Some Jewish communities are converted by force, their synagogues turned into churches.531Emperor Justinian rules that Jews cannot testify against Christians. Jewish liturgy is censored for being “anti-trinitarian.”535Synagogue of Borion is closed and all Jewish practices are prohibited by order of Justinian.535The First Council of Clermont (of Gaul) prohibits Jews from holding public office.538The Third Council of Orléans (of Gaul) forbids Jews to employ Christian servants or possess Christian slaves. Jews are prohibited from appearing in the streets during Easter: “their appearance is an insult to Christianity”. A Merovingian king Childebert approves the measure.547Jews and Samaritans of Caesarea are massacred after revolting.576Clermont, Gaul. Bishop Avitus offers Jews a choice: accept Christianity or leave Clermont. Most emigrate to Marseilles.582The Merovingians order that all Jews of the Kingdom are to be baptized.589The Council of Narbonne, Septimania, forbids Jews from chanting psalms while burying their dead. Anyone violating this law is fined 6 ounces of gold. The third Council of Toledo, held under Visigothic King Reccared, bans Jews from slave ownership and holding positions of authority, and reiterates the mutual ban on intermarriage.[23] Reccared also rules children out of such marriages to be raised as Christians.590Pope Gregory I defends the Jews against forced conversion.590–591The Exilarch Haninai is executed by Khosrau II for supporting Mihrevandak. This halted all forms of Jewish self-governance for over 50 years.592The entire Jewish population of Antioch is punished because a Jew violated a law.[24]598Bishop Victor of Palermo seizes the local synagogues and repurposes them into churches.[25]
Seventh century608–610Massacres of Jews all across the Byzantine Empire.610–620After many of his anti-Jewish edicts were ignored, king Sisebur prohibits Judaism. Those not baptized fled. This was the first incidence where a prohibition of Judaism affected an entire country.614Fifth Council of Paris decrees that all Jews holding military or civil positions must accept baptism, together with their families.614–617The Jewish revolt against Heraclius. The last serious attempt to gain Jewish autonomy in the Land of Israel prior to modern times.615Italy. The earliest referral to the Juramentum Judaeorum (the Jewish Oath): the concept that no heretic could be believed in court against a Christian. The oath became standardized throughout Europe in 1555.617After breaking their promise of Jewish autonomy in Jerusalem, the Persians forbid Jews from settling within three miles of the city.624Mohammed watches as 600 Jews are decapitated in Medina in one day.626–627The Council of Clichy declared that any Jew who accepts public office must convert.62793 Jews are killed in the Battle of Khaybar.[26]629Byzantine Emperor Heraclius with his army marches into Jerusalem. Jewish inhabitants support him after his promise of amnesty. Upon his entry into Jerusalem the local priests convince him that killing Jews is a good deed. The only Jews that survived were the ones who fled to Egypt or the mountains.629
Frankish King Dagobert I, encouraged by Byzantine Emperor Heraclius, expels all Jews from the kingdom.632The first case of officially sanctioned forced baptism. Emperor Heraclius violates the Codex Theodosianus, which protected them from forced conversions.634–641Jews living in the Levant are forced to pay the Jizya as a result of the Muslim conquest of the Levant640Jews expelled from Arabia.642The Jizya is imposed on the native Jews of Egypt, Cyrenaica, Tripolitania and Fezzan.653The Jews of Toledo are forced to convert or be expelled.681The Twelfth Council of Toledo enacts antisemitic laws.682Visigothic king Erwig begins his reign by enacting 28 anti-Jewish laws. He presses for the “utter extirpation of the pest of the Jews” and decrees that all converts must be registered by a parish priest, who must issue travel permits. All holidays, Christian and Jewish, must be spent in the presence of a priest to ensure piety and to prevent the backsliding.692Quinisext Council in Constantinople forbids Christians on pain of excommunication to bathe in public baths with Jews, employ a Jewish doctor or socialize with Jews.69417th Council of Toledo. King Ergica believes rumors that the Jews had conspired to ally themselves with the Muslim invaders and forces Jews to give all land, slaves and buildings bought from Christians, to his treasury. He declares that all Jewish children over the age of seven should be taken from their homes and raised as Christians.Eighth century717Possible date for the Pact of Umar, a document that specified restrictions on Jews and Christians (dhimmi) living under Muslim rule. However, academic historians believe that this document was actually compiled at a much later date.720Caliph Omar II bans Jewish worship on the Temple Mount.[27]722Byzantine emperor Leo III forcibly converts all Jews and Montanists in the empire into mainstream Byzantine Christianity.740First Archbishop of York Ecgbert bans Christians from eating with Jews.[28]787Empress Irena decries the practice of forced conversion against Jews.788Idriss I attacks Jewish communities, imposes high per capita taxes, and forces them to provide annual virgins for his harem for refusing to attack other Jewish communities. According to Maghrebi tradition, the Jewish tribe Ubaid Allah left and settled in Djerba.[29]Ninth century807Abbassid Caliph Harun al-Rashid orders all Jews in the Caliphate to wear a yellow belt, with Christians to wear a blue one.820Agobard, Archbishop of Lyons, declares in his essays that Jews are accursed and demands a complete segregation of Christians and Jews. In 826 he issues a series of pamphlets to convince Emperor Louis the Pious to attack “Jewish insolence”, but fails to convince the Emperor.850al-Mutawakkil made a decree ordering Dhimmi, Jews and Christians, wear garments to distinguish them from Muslims, their places of worship destroyed, demonic effigies nailed to the door, and that they be allowed little involvement government or official matters.870Ahmad ibn Tulun flattens Jewish cemeteries and replaces them with Muslim tombs.874Basil I decrees that all Byzantine Jews are to be baptized, by force if necessary.[30]878–879Around 120,000–200,000 foreign merchants (including Jews, Muslim Arabs, Muslim Persians, Zoroastrian Persians, and Christians) are slaughtered in Guangzhou, China.[31]884Basil I reinforces law that prohibits Jews from holding any civil or military position in Epanagoge.888Church council in Metz forbids Christians and Jews from eating together.[32]897Charles the Simple donates all Jewish owned land to the Bishop of Narbonne. There is no recourse against the action.Tenth century900–929French king Charles the Simple confiscates Jewish-owned property in Narbonne and donates it to the Church.925Jews of Oria are raided by a Muslim mob during a series of attacks on Italy. At least ten rabbinical leaders and many more are taken as captives. Among those captured is 12-year-old Shabbetai Donnolo, who would go on later to be a famous physician and astronomer.931Bishop Ratherius of Verona begs the town elders to expel the Jews from the city until they agree to temporarily expel them.931–942Romanos I Lekapenos decreed that all Jews should be forced to convert and subjugated if they refuse. This leads to the death of hundreds of Jews and the destruction of numerous synagogues.[33]932The Jewish quarter of Bari, Italy is destroyed by a mob and a number of Jews are killed.[34]943–944Byzantine Jews from all over the Empire flee from persecution into Khazaria. The King of Khazaria at the time, who was Jewish, subsequently cut ties with the Byzantine Empire.945Venice bans Jews from using Venetian vessels.985Entire Jewish population of Sparta is expelled after Nikon the Metanoeite says it will rid the city of a plague.[35]985A number of Jewish residents in Barcelona are killed by the Muslim leader Almanzor. All Jewish owned land is handed over to the Count of Barcelona.[36]Eleventh century1008Caliph Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah (“the Mad”) issues severe restrictions against Jews in the Fatimid Empire. All Jews are forced to wear a heavy wooden “golden calf” around their necks. Christians had to wear a large wooden cross and members of both groups had to wear black hats.1009Caliph Abu Ali-Mansur orders the destruction of synagogues, Torah scrolls and Jewish artifacts among other non-Muslim buildings.[37]1010The Jews of Ligomes are given the choice of baptism or exile.1011The Abbasid Caliph Al-Qadir publishes the Baghdad Manifesto, which accuses the Fatimids of being descended from Jews, instead of being “family of the prophet.”1011A Muslim mob attacks a Jewish funeral procession, resulting in the arrest of 23 Jews.[38]1011Pogrom against Sephardic Jews in Córdoba by a Muslim mob.[39]1012One of the first known persecutions of Jews in Germany: Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor expels Jews from Mainz.1013During the fall of the city, Sulayman’s troops looted Córdoba and massacred citizens of the city, including many Jews. Prominent Jews in Córdoba, such as Samuel ibn Naghrela were forced to flee to the city in 1013.1016The Jewish community of Kairouan, Tunisia is forced to choose between conversion and expulsion.[40]1021A violent earthquake occurs, which some Greeks maintain is caused by a desecration of Jesus by the Jews. For this a number of Roman Jews are burnt at the stake.[41]1026Probable date of the chronicle of Raoul Glaber. The French chronicler blamed the Jews for the destruction of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, which was destroyed in 1009 by (Muslim) Caliph Al-Hakim. As a result, Jews were expelled from Limoges and other French towns.1032Abul Kamal Tumin conquers Fez, Morocco and decimates the Jewish community, killing 6,000 Jews.1033Following their conquest of the city from the Maghrawa tribe, the forces of Tamim, chief of the Zenata Berber Banu Ifran tribe, perpetrated a massacre of Jews in Fez. Fez massacre1035Sixty Jews are put to death in Castrojeriz during a revolt, because the Jews were considered “property” of the kingdom by the locals.[42][43]1039A Muslim mob raids the palace of the Jewish vizier and kills him after the ruler al-Mondhir is assassinated.1040Exilarch Hezekiah Gaon is imprisoned and tortured to death by the Buyyids. The death of Hezekiah ended the line of the Geonim, which had begun four centuries earlier.1050Council of Narbonne, France forbids Christians to live in Jewish homes.1066Granada massacre: Muslim mob stormed the royal palace in Granada, crucified Jewish vizier Joseph ibn Naghrela and massacred most of the Jewish population of the city. “More than 1,500 Jewish families, numbering 4,000 persons, fell in one day.”[44]1071Jerusalem falls to the Seljuk Turks, many synagogues are destroyed and life for Jews in Jerusalem becomes much more restricted.1078Council of Girona decrees Jews to pay taxes for support of the Catholic Church to the same extent as Christians.1090The Jewish community of Granada, which had recovered after the attacks of 1066, attacked again at the hands of the Almoravides led by Yusuf ibn Tashfin, bringing the golden age of Jewish culture in Spain to end.1092Jews are prohibited from working on Sunday or marrying Christians as a result of the Synod of Szabolcs.1096The First Crusade. Three hosts of crusaders pass through several Central European cities. The third, unofficial host, led by Count Emicho, decides to attack the Jewish communities, most notably in the Rhineland, under the slogan: “Why fight Christ’s enemies abroad when they are living among us?” Eimicho’s host attacks the synagogue at Speyer and kills all the defenders. 800 are killed in Worms. Another 1,200 Jews commit suicide in Mainz to escape his attempt to forcibly convert them; see German Crusade, 1096, and 600 are massacred in Mainz on 27 May.[45] Attempts by the local bishops remained fruitless. All in all, 5,000 Jews were murdered.[46]1099Jews fight side by side with Muslim soldiers to defend Jerusalem against the Crusaders and face massacres when it falls.[47] According to the Muslim chronicle of Ibn al-Qalanisi, “The Jews assembled in their synagogue, and the Franks burned it over their heads.”[48] However, a contemporary Jewish communication does not corroborate the report that Jews were actually inside of the Synagogue when it was set on fire.[49] This letter was discovered among the Cairo Geniza collection in 1975 by historian Shelomo Dov Goitein.[50] Historians believe that it was written just two weeks after the siege, making it “the earliest account on the conquest in any language.”[50] However, all sources agree that a synagogue was indeed burned during the siege.
Twelfth century1106Son of Yusuf ibn Tashfin decrees the death penalty for any Jews living in Marrakesh.1107Moroccan Almoravid ruler Yusuf ibn Tashfin ordered all Moroccan Jews to convert or leave.1108Many Jews are massacred and their houses and synagogues are burned following a Muslim victory at the Battle of Uclés (1108). Of those murdered is Solomon ibn Farissol, the leader of the Castile community. This incident greatly impacted the Hebrew poet Judah HaLevi, and completely shifted the focus of his poetry.1113Upon the death of Sviatopolk II, leader of the Kievan Rus’, widespread riots and plundering of Jewish homes commenced.[51]1124The Jewish Quarter of Kiev is destroyed by arson.1135A Muslim mob in Córdoba storms into Jewish homes, takes their possessions and kills a number of them.1141During the fight for succession between Matilde and Stephen (The Anarchy), the Jews of Oxford are forced to pay ransom to both sides of the conflict or their houses are to be burned.1143150 Jews are killed in Ham, France.[52]1144The case of William of Norwich, a contrived accusation of murder by Jews in Norwich, England.1145Abd al-Mu’min gives the Jewish population of Sijilmasa the choice of converting to Islam or death. At least 150 Jews who refuse to convert are massacred.1146100,000 Jews are massacred by the Almohads in Fez, Morocco and 120,000 in Marrakesh.[53]1147Jews are expelled from Muslim Spain.[54]1148The mostly-Jewish town Lucena is captured by the Almohads. The local Jews are given the choice of Islam or death. This was the end of the Jewish community of Lucena.1148–1212The rule of the Almohads in al-Andalus. Only Jews who had converted to Christianity or Islam were allowed to live in Granada. One of the refugees was Maimonides, who settled in Fez and later in Fustat near Cairo.1160Appalled by the annual practice of beating Jews during Palm Sunday, Bishop William issues an order which would excommunicate any priest who continues the practice.[55]1165Forced mass conversions in Yemen.1165New Almohad ruler decrees that all Jews in Fez must convert to Islam or face death. Judah ha-Kohen ibn Shushan is burnt alive for refusing, and famous Rabbi Maimonides is displaced and permanently leaves for Egypt.[56]1168Harold of Gloucester is found floating in a river. The local Benedictine monks use the discovery to claim that “the child had been spirited away by the Jews on the 21st February for them to torture him to death on the night of 16th March”. It established that the mythology created around William’s death could be used as a template for explaining later deaths.1171In Blois, France 31 Jews were burned at the stake for blood libel.1171Jews of Bologna are expelled for no known reason.[57]1173Following multiple church-inspired riots against the Jews of Poland, Mieszko III forbids all kinds of violence against the Jews.1177King Alfonso II, Spain, creates a charter which defines the status of Jews in Teruel. Jews are defined as “slaves of the king, belonging entirely to the royal treasury.” The fee for killing a Jew is half of what the fee is for killing a Christian, and is to be paid directly to the king (since Jews are considered property of the crown).1179The Third Lateran Council, Canon 26: Jews are forbidden to be plaintiffs or witnesses against Christians in the courts. Jews are forbidden to withhold inheritance from descendants who had accepted Christianity.1179The body of a Christian girl is found near the shore. The Jews of Boppard are blamed for her death, resulting in 13 Jews being murdered.1180Philip Augustus of France after four months in power, imprisons all the Jews in his lands and demands a ransom for their release.1181Philip Augustus annuls all loans made by Jews to Christians and takes a percentage for himself. A year later, he confiscates all Jewish property and expels the Jews from Paris.1181The Assize of Arms of 1181 orders that all weapons held by Jews must be confiscated, claiming they have no use for them. This led to the Jewish community of England being a lot more vulnerable during Anti-Jewish riots.1182Jews are expelled from Orléans.1184Jewish martyr Elhanan, the son of Ri is murdered for refusing to convert.[58]1188The Saladin tithe. Jews are taxed 25% of their income and personal worth, while Christians are taxed 10%.1189Holy Roman Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa orders priests not to preach against Jews.1189A Jewish deputation attending coronation of Richard the Lionheart was attacked by the crowd. Pogroms in London followed and spread around England.1190All the Jews of Norwich, England found in their houses were slaughtered, except a few who found refuge in the castle.119057 Jews in St. Edmunds are killed in a massacre on Palm Sunday.[59]1190500 Jews of York were massacred after a six-day siege by departing Crusaders, backed by a number of people indebted to Jewish money-lenders.[60]1190Saladdin takes over Jerusalem from Crusaders and lifts the ban for Jews to live there.1191More than 80 Jews in Bray-sur-Seine are burned at the stake after trying to execute a murderer who had killed an Israelite.[61]1195After falsely being accused of ritual murder with no evidence, the daughter of Rabbi Isaac bar Asher ha-Levi is murdered, dismembered and her body parts are hung around the market place for days. Ha-Levi was killed the following day along with 8 other Jews after trying to recover what was left of his daughter’s body from the mob.1197In an attempt to isolate the Jewish population economically, Christians were barred from buying food from Jews or having conversations with them under the threat of excommunication.[62]1198Philip Augustus readmits Jews to Paris, only after another ransom was paid and a taxation scheme was set up to procure funds for himself. August: Saladdin’s nephew al-Malik, caliph of Yemen, summons all the Jews and forcibly converts them.Thirteenth century Judensau at the Cathedral of St. Peter in Regensburg13th centuryGermany. Appearance of Judensau: obscene and dehumanizing imagery of Jews, ranging from etchings to Cathedral ceilings. Its popularity lasted for over 600 years.1203Jewish quarter of Constantinople is burned down by crusaders during the Siege of Constantinople (1203).1204In 1204 the papacy required Jews to segregate themselves from Christians and to wear distinctive clothing.[63]1205Jews are expelled from villages and towns all around Spain by Muslims.[64]1206Jewish homes are burned, looted, Israelites are killed and the remaining Jewish population of Halle is expelled.[65]1209Béziers is stormed and its inhabitants are massacred. Among those were 200 Jews. All Jewish children who survived and didn’t flee were forcibly baptized.[66]1209Raymond VI, Count of Toulouse, humiliated and forced to swear that he would implement social restrictions against Jews.1210King John of England imprisoned much of the Jewish population until they paid up 66,000 marks.1212Forced conversions and mass murder of the Jewish community of Toledo.1215The Fourth Lateran Council headed by Pope Innocent III declares: “Jews and Saracens of both sexes in every Christian province and at all times shall be marked off in the eyes of the public from other peoples through the character of their dress.” (Canon 68). See Judenhut. The Fourth Lateran Council also noted that the Jews’ own law required the wearing of identifying symbols. Pope Innocent III also reiterated papal injunctions against forcible conversions, and added: “No Christian shall do the Jews any personal injury…or deprive them of their possessions…or disturb them during the celebration of their festivals…or extort money from them by threatening to exhume their dead.”[67]1217French noblewoman Alix de Montmorency imprisons the Jewish population of Toulouse for refusing to convert. She eventually released them all except for children under six, who were taken and adopted by Christians.1221An anti-Jewish riot erupts in Erfurt, where the Jewish quarter is destroyed along with two synagogues. Around 26 Jews are killed, and others throw themselves into fire rather than be forcibly converted. Samuel of Speyer was among those martyred.[68]1222Council of Oxford: Archbishop of Canterbury Stephen Langton forbids Jews from building new synagogues, owning slaves or mixing with Christians.1223Louis VIII of France prohibits his officials from recording debts owed to Jews, reversing his father’s policy of seeking such debts.1227The Synod of Narbonne reaffirms the anti-Semitic decrees of the Fourth Lateran Council.1229Raymond VII, Count of Toulouse, heir of Raymond VI, also forced to swear that he would implement social restrictions against Jews.1229Treaty of Jaffa is signed between Frederick II and the Sultan Al-Kamil of Egypt. Jews are once again banned from residing in Jerusalem.1230Theodore Komnenos Doukas is defeated. Since Theodore decreed many anti-Jewish laws and seized Jewish property, he was handed over to two Jews by John Asen II to personally kill him. After having pity on him and refusing to kill Theodore, the Czar had the Jews thrown off a cliff.1232Forced mass conversions in Marrakesh, over 1,000 Moroccan Jews are killed.1235The Jews of Fulda, Germany were accused of ritual murder. To investigate the blood libel, Emperor Frederick II held a special conference of Jewish converts to Christianity at which the converts were questioned about Jewish ritual practice. Letters inviting prominent individuals to the conference still survive. At the conference, the converts stated unequivocally that Jews do not harm Christian children or require blood for any rituals. In 1236 the Emperor published these findings and in 1247 Pope Innocent IV, the Emperor’s enemy, also denounced accusations of the ritual murder of Christian children by Jews. In 1272, the papal repudiation of the blood libel was repeated by Pope Gregory X, who also ruled that thereafter any such testimony of a Christian against a Jew could not be accepted unless it is confirmed by another Jew. Unfortunately, these proclamations from the highest sources were not effective in altering the beliefs of the Christian majority and the libels continued.[69]1236Crusaders attack Jewish communities of Anjou and Poitou and attempt to baptize all the Jews. Those who resisted (est. 3,000) were slaughtered.1236A Jew and a Christian fisherman get into a heated argument about prices, which turns physical. It ends when the Jew deals a devastating blow to the Gentile’s head which leads to his death. This enrages the local Christian population, who attack the Jewish quarter of Narbonne. Don Aymeric, the governor of Narbonne prevents a massacre and restores all stolen Jewish property to their rightful owner.[70][71]1240Duke Jean le Roux expels Jews from Brittany.1240Disputation of Paris. Pope Gregory IX puts Talmud on trial on the charges that it contains blasphemy against Jesus and Mary and attacks on the Church.1241A pogrom against the Jews of Frankfurt takes place after conflicts over Jewish-Christian marriages and the enforced baptism of interfaith couples. 180 Jews are killed as a result and 24 agree to be baptized. This became known as the Judenschlacht (German for Slaughter of the Jews).1241In England, first of a series of royal levies against Jewish finances, which forced the Jews to sell their debts to non-Jews at cut prices.[72]1242Following a show trial, the Talmud is “convicted” of corrupting the Jews. 24 cart-loads of hand-written Talmudic manuscripts, some 10,000 volumes and comprising most of the extant volumes in France, are burned in the streets of Paris.1242James I of Aragon orders Jews to listen to conversion sermons and to attend churches. Friars are given power to enter synagogues uninvited.1243The first ever accusation of Host Desecration. The entire Jewish population of Beelitz was burned at the stake after being accused of torturing Jesus and the spot it happened was named “Judenberg.”124311 Jews are tortured to death following a blood libel in Kitzingen Germany.[73]1244Pope Innocent IV orders Louis IX of France to burn all Talmud copies.1249Alphonse of Poitiers orders the expulsion of all Jews in Poitou.1250Saragossa Spain: death of a choirboy Saint Dominguito del Val prompts ritual murder accusation. His sainthood was revoked in the 20th century but reportedly a chapel dedicated to him still exists in the Cathedral of Saragossa.1253Henry III of England introduces harsh anti-Jewish laws.[74]1254Louis IX expels the Jews from France, their property and synagogues confiscated. Most move to Germany and further east, however, after a couple of years, some were readmitted back.1255Henry III of England sells his rights to the Jews (regarded as royal “chattels”) to his brother Richard for 5,000 marks.1257The Badge of shame is imposed locally on the Italian Jews.1260Mongols are defeated and Syria is brought under Mamluk rule. Anti-Jewish laws are once again decreed, and Jewish life becomes a lot more restricted in the Levant.1260Jews are banned from ascending above the 7th step on the Cave of the Patriarchs. This ban would last 700 years.1260Thomas Aquinas publishes Summa Contra Gentiles, a summary of Christian faith to be presented to those who reject it. The Jews who refuse to convert are regarded as “deliberately defiant” rather than “invincibly ignorant”.1263Disputation of Barcelona.1264Pope Clement IV assigns Talmud censorship committee.1264Simon de Montfort inspires massacre of Jews in London.[75]1265German-Jewish convert Abraham of Augsburg publicly assails Christianity, severs the heads of crucifix figurines and is sentenced to torture and death by burning.1267In a special session, the Vienna city council forces Jews to wear Pileum cornutum (a cone-shaped headdress, prevalent in many medieval illustrations of Jews). This distinctive dress is an addition to Yellow badge Jews were already forced to wear. Christians are not permitted to attend Jewish ceremonies.1267Synod of Breslau orders Jews to live in a segregated quarter.1267After an accusation from an old woman that the Jews had bought a Christian child from her to kill, the entire Jewish community of Pforzheim face massacres and expulsion. Rabbi Samuel ben Yaḳar ha-Levi, Rabbi Isaac ben Eliezer and Rabbi Abraham ben Gershom commit suicide to escape the cruel torture they feared.1275King Edward I of England passes the Statute of the Jewry forcing Jews over the age of seven to wear an identifying yellow badge, and making usury illegal, in order to seize their assets. Scores of English Jews are arrested, 300 hanged and their property goes to the Crown. In 1280 he orders Jews to be present as Dominicans preach conversion. In 1287 he arrests heads of Jewish families and demands their communities pay ransom of 12,000 pounds.1276Massacre in Fez to kill all Jews stopped by intervention of the Emir[76]1278The Edict of Pope Nicholas III requires compulsory attendance of Jews at conversion sermons.1279Synod of Ofen: Christians are forbidden to sell or rent real estate to or from Jews.1282John Pectin, Archbishop of Canterbury, orders all London synagogues to close and prohibits Jewish physicians from practicing on Christians.1283Philip III of France causes mass migration of Jews by forbidding them to live in the small rural localities.128310 Jews are slain in Mainz after claims of blood libel.[77]1285Blood libel in Munich, Germany results in the death of 68 Jews. 180 more Jews are burned alive at the synagogue.1287A 16-year-old boy is found dead in the Rhine. Immediately the Jews of Oberwesel are accused of killing the boy. Over 40 men, women and children were killed by rioters as a response.1287Jews are arrested and accused of coin clippage. Even without evidence, the whole community is convicted and expelled.1288The Jewish population of Troyes is accused of ritual murder. 13 Jewish martyrs are burned at the stake, sacrificing themselves to spare the rest of the community.[78]1288104 Jews in Bonn, Germany are killed during a pogrom.[79]1289Jews are expelled from Gascony and Anjou.1290Edict of Expulsion: Edward I expels all Jews from England, allowing them to take only what they could carry, all the other property became the Crown’s. Official reason: continued practice of usury.1290A Jewish man named Jonathan and his wife are accused of stabbing the wafer to torture Jesus. They are both burned at the stake, their house is destroyed and replaced with a chapel.[80]1290The Jews of Baghdad are massacred.129018 July Edward I of England issues Edict of Expulsion, decreeing all Jews to be expelled from England.1291Philip the Fair publishes an ordinance prohibiting the Jews to settle in France.1291Jewish physician and grand vizier Sa’ad al-Dawla is killed by Muslims who felt it a degradation to have a Jew placed over them. Persian Jews suffer a long-period of violent persecution by the Muslim population.1292Forced conversion and expulsion of the Italian Jewish community.1298Accusations of Host desecration against the German Jews. More than 140 Jewish communities face forced conversions.1298During the civil war between Adolph of Nassau and Albrecht of Austria, German knight Rintfleisch claims to have received a mission from heaven to exterminate “the accursed race of the Jews”. Under his leadership, the mob goes from town to town destroying Jewish communities and massacring about 100,000 Jews, often by mass burning at stake. Among 146 localities in Franconia, Bavaria and Austria are Röttingen (20 April), Würzburg (24 July), Nuremberg (1 August).[81]Fourteenth century1301Riots break out in Egypt, which are encouraged by the Mamluks. Many Jews are forcibly converted to Islam, including the entire Jewish population of Bilbeis. Many synagogues are appropriated into mosques.[82]1305Philip IV of France seizes all Jewish property (except the clothes they wear) and expels them from France (approx. 100,000). His successor Louis X of France allows French Jews to return in 1315.1306Jews of Sens, Yonne department of France, are expelled. This was the third and final expulsion (after those in 876 and 1198). [83]1306Jews expelled from Castelsarrasin, France.[84]1310Frederick II of Aragon adopts anti-Jewish laws, which require them to mark their clothes and shops with the yellow badge. Jews were also forbidden from having any relationship with Catholics.1318Rashid-al-Din Hamadani, a Persian Jewish convert to Islam was executed on fake charges of poisoning Öljeitü and for several days crowds carried his head around his native city of Tabriz, chanting “This is the head of the Jew who abused the name of God; may God’s curse be upon him!”1319Jews are expelled from Breslau.[85]1320Jews are expelled from Milan during a persecution of so-called heretics.[86]1320152 Jews massacred in Castelsarrasin, France.[87]1320Shepherds’ Crusade attacks the Jews of 120 localities in southwest France.1321King Henry II of Castile forces Jews to wear Yellow badge.1321Jews in central France accused of ordering lepers to poison wells. After massacre of est. 5,000 Jews, King Philip V admits they were innocent.1321A Muslim mob destroys a synagogue in Damascus.[88]1322King Charles IV expels Jews from France.13285,000 Jews are massacred and their houses are burned down following anti-Jewish preaching by a Franciscan friar.1328Jewish martyr Aaron ben Zerah, along with his wife and four of his sons are executed.1333Forced mass conversions in Baghdad1336Persecutions against Jews in Franconia and Alsace led by lawless German bands, the Armleder under the highwayman Arnold von Uissigheim. Roughly 1500 Jews are killed.1336The Aleinu prayer is banned in Castile.[89]1337Host desecration accusations. Violence spreads to over 51 Jewish communities.1338Pogroms over host desecration in Wolfsberg. The Jews are accused of stealing the bread of the Eucharist and trying to burn it. Over 70 Jews are burned at the stake and the entire Jewish community is destroyed.[90]1343Pre-Easter massacres spread from Germany across Western Europe. Jews fleeing persecution are welcomed in Poland by Casimir the Great.1344The citizens ask the King’s permission to confiscate the houses of the Jews for the cities benefit – he grants their request.[91]1348European Jews are blamed for the plague in the Black Death persecutions. Charge laid to the Jews that they poisoned the wells. Massacres spread throughout Spain, France, Germany and Austria. More than 200 Jewish communities destroyed by violence. Many communities have been expelled and settle down in Poland.1349Basel: 600 Jews burned at the stake, 140 children forcibly baptized, the remaining city’s Jews expelled. The city synagogue is turned into a church and the Jewish cemetery is destroyed. 1349 burning of Jews (from a European chronicle written on the Black Death between 1349 and 1352)1349The Erfurt massacre was a massacre of around 3,000 Jews as a result of Black Death Jewish persecutions1349The entire Jewish population of Speyer is destroyed. All Jews are either killed, converted, or fled. All their property and assets was confiscated. Part of the Black Death Jewish persecutions.1349600 Jews are burned at the stake and the entire Jewish community of Zurich is annihilated as a part of the Black Death Jewish persecutions.1349The Jewish community of Worms is completely destroyed as a result of the Black Death Jewish persecutions. Hundreds of Jews set fire to their homes to avoid the oncoming torture. Their property was seized by the locals.1349Jews of Berlin are expelled and many are killed as a part of the Black Death Jewish persecutions.[92]1349Jews of Breslau are expelled as part of the Black Death Jewish persecutions.[85]134960 Jews are murdered in Breslau. The city claims all property and synagogues, while the Emperor was given the cemetery and all Jewish debts.1349The Jewish quarter of Cologne is destroyed by an angry mob, and the most of the community is killed. All of their property was split up between the ransackers. It was part of the Black Death Jewish persecutions.[93]1349The Strasbourg massacre was a part of the Black Death persecutions, where several hundred Jews were publicly burned to death, and the rest of them were expelled. It was one of the first and worst pogroms in pre-modern history.24 August 13496,000 Jews are burned to death in Mainz as a part of the Black Death Jewish persecutions. When the angry mob charged, the Jews initially fought back, killing around 200 of their attackers.[94][95]1350Brussels Jewish community is decimated after they are blamed for the Plague.1352Church officials order the expulsion of Jews from Bulgaria for “heretical activity.”135412,000 Jews are massacred throughout Spain following a bloody civil war.1359Charles V of France allows Jews to return for a period of 20 years in order to pay ransom for his father John II of France, imprisoned in England. The period is later extended beyond the 20 years.1360Jews are expelled from Breslau.[85]1360Furious with a pogrom against Castilian Jews in Miranda de Ebro, Peter of Castile publicly boils one of the perpetrators, roasts another, and executes others with an axe.1360Sephardic Jew Samuel ben Meir Abulafia is arrested and tortured to death in prison for no apparent reason. His lands are confiscated by the king.[96]1365Jews of Lorraine are expelled after their presence is cited as the cause of lightning strikes which destroyed twenty-two houses.1367Host desecration trials are held against the Jews of Barcelona. They were initiated by the crown prince Don Juan of Aragon.1368Some 6,000 Jews are killed during a siege in Toledo.1370The entire Jewish population of Brussels is massacred over allegations of host desecration. It was an end of the Hebrew community in Brussels. The event was commemorated by local Christians as the Sacrament of Miracle.1376Jews from expelled from Hungary. Most of them flee south into Greece and neighboring areas.[97]1377Another Host desecration trial is held against Jews in Teruel and Huesca. The person behind it, as with the previous trial, is the crown prince Don Juan of Aragon. Many Jews are tortured and burned alive publicly.[98]138216 Jews are murdered in the Mailotin Riots.1384200 Jews are killed in Noerdlingen and the community ceases to exist.[99]1386Wenceslaus, Holy Roman Emperor, expels the Jews from the Swabian League and Strasbourg and confiscates their property.1385John of Castile reinforces previous anti-Jewish legislation.1385All Jews in the Swabian League are arrested, and their books are confiscated.138918 March, a Jewish boy is accused of plotting against a priest. The mob slaughters approx. 3,000 of Prague’s Jews, destroys the city’s synagogue and Jewish cemetery. Wenceslaus insists that the responsibility lay with the Jews for going outside during Holy Week.1391Anti-Jewish riots led by Ferrand Martinez erupt in Seville.1391Led by Ferrand Martinez, countless massacres devastate the Sephardic Jewish community, especially in Castile, Valencia, Catalonia and Aragon. The Jewish quarter in Barcelona is completely destroyed. By the end of the pogroms, at least 10,000 Jews are murdered and thousands more are forcibly converted.1391Pogrom against the Jews of Toledo on the Seventeenth of Tammuz. Jewish martyrs Israel Alnaqua and Judah ben Asher died at the stake together.1391Over 250 Jews are massacred by a mob in Valencia.1391All Jewish inhabitants of Palma, Majorca are either converted or killed.1391More than 400 Jews are massacred in Barcelona.1392The Jews of Damascus are accused by Muslims of setting fire to the central mosque. Although there was no evidence presented, one Jew was burned alive, the leaders of the community were tortured, and the local synagogue was appropriated into a mosque.[88]1392Sicilian Jews are forced to live in Ghettos and severe persecution breaks out in Erice, Catania and Syracuse.[100]13943 November, Charles VI of France expels all Jews from France.1397Jewish ghettos across Slovenia are set on fire by an anonymous mob.1399A Christian woman is accused of stealing hosts and giving them to Jews for the purpose of desecration. Thirteen members of the Jewish community of Posen, along with the woman are all tortured and burned alive slowly. The community is then forced to pay a special tax every year until the 18th century.139980 Jews are murdered in Prague after a converted Jew named Peter accuses them of denigrating Christianity. A number of Jews are also jailed, including Yom-Tov Lipmann-Muhlhausen.
Fifteenth century1401Two Jews are burned to death for an alleged host desecration in Glogau.[101]1404Many members of the Jewish community of Salzburg and Hallein is burned alive on charged of host desecration.[98]1407Blood libel accusations against the Jews of Kraków led by a fanatic priest result in anti-Jewish riots.1411Oppressive legislation against Jews in Spain as an outcome of the preaching of the Dominican friar Vicente Ferrer.1413Disputation of Tortosa, Spain, staged by the Avignon Pope Benedict XIII, is followed by forced mass conversions.1418All Jews living in Trier are expelled.1420All Jews are expelled from Lyons.1421Persecutions of Jews in Vienna, known as Wiener Gesera (Vienna Edict), confiscation of their possessions, and forced conversion of Jewish children. 270 Jews burned at stake.1421All Viennese Jews are expelled following persecution.1422Pope Martin V issues a Bull reminding Christians that Christianity was derived from Judaism and warns the friars not to incite against the Jews. The Bull was withdrawn the following year on allegations that the Jews of Rome attained it by fraud.1424The Jewish population of Zurich is exiled.[102]1424Jews are expelled and banned from Cologne.1426Jews are expelled from Iglau after they are accused of being in league with the Hussites.[103]1427All Jews living in Bern are expelled and their property is seized.[104]1428Jews are expelled from Fribourg.[105]1430Pogrom in Aix-en-Provence breaks out in which 9 Jews are killed, many more are injured and 74 are forcibly converted.[106]1434Council of Basel, Sessio XIX: Jews are forbidden to obtain academic degrees and to act as agents in the conclusion of contracts between Christians.1435Massacre and forced conversion of Majorcan Jews.1435Jews are expelled from Speyer “forever.”1436Jews of Zurich are expelled.[102]1438Jewish inhabitants of Augsburg and Düsseldorf are expelled.1438Establishment of mellahs (ghettos) in Morocco.1442Synagogues and other Jewish buildings are destroyed by a riot of Glogau.[101]1442Jews are expelled from Upper Bavaria.[107]1444Jewish population of Utrecht are expelled.[108]1447Casimir IV renews all the rights of Jews of Poland and makes his charter one of the most liberal in Europe. He revokes it in 1454 at the insistence of Bishop Zbigniew.1449The Statute of Toledo introduces the rule of purity of blood discriminating Conversos. Pope Nicholas V condemns it.1450Louis IX, Duke of Bavaria expels all Jews who reject baptism.1453Around 40 Jews in Breslau are burned at the stake on charges of host desecration, while the head Rabbi hung himself to avoid the torture. Jewish children under 7 were stolen and forcibly baptized. The few Jews remaining were banished from Breslau.[109]1456Pope Caliextus III issues a papal bull which prohibits Jews from testifying against Christians, but permits Christians to testify against a Jew.1458The city council of Erfurt, Germany votes to expel the Jews.1463Pope Nicholas V authorizes the establishment of the Inquisition to investigate heresy among the Marranos. See also Crypto-Judaism.1465The Moroccan revolt against the Marinid dynasty, accusations against one Jewish Vizier lead to a massacre of the entire Jewish population of Fes.1465Over 30 Jews in Cracow are killed by an angry mob.[110]1468Many Jewish homes and plundered and a number are killed during anti-Jewish in Posen.[111]1468Sultan Qaitbay forces Jews of Cairo to pay 75,000 gold pieces or be expelled. This severely impoverished the local Jewish community.[112]1470The Jewish community of Bavaria are expelled, many migrate into Bulgaria.[113]1473Massacres of Marranos of Valladolid, Cordova, Segovia, Ciudad Real, Spain1474On Assumption day 15 August 1474, Christians wreaked brutal havoc on the Jewish dwellers of the Cartellone area of Modica. It was the first and most horrible massacre of Sicilian Jews. During the evening a number of Christians slaughtered about 360 Jews causing a total and fierce devastation in La Giudecca. They ran through the streets chanting: “Hurrah for Mary! Death to the Jews!” (Viva Maria! Morte ai Giudei!). Simon of Trent blood libel. Illustration in Hartmann Schedel’s Weltchronik, 14931475A student of the preacher Giovanni da Capistrano, Franciscan Bernardine of Feltre, accuses the Jews in murdering an infant, Simon. The entire community is arrested, 15 leaders are burned at the stake, the rest are expelled. In 1588, Pope Sixtus V confirmed Simon’s cultus. Saint Simon was considered a martyr and patron of kidnap and torture victims for almost 500 years. In 1965, Pope Paul VI declared the episode a fraud, and decanonized Simon’s sainthood.1478Jews of Passau are expelled.[107]1481The Spanish Inquisition is instituted.1484Pogrom against the Jewish section of Arles. A number of Jews are killed and 50 men are forced to convert.1487–1504Bishop Gennady exposes the heresy of Zhidovstvuyushchiye (Judaizers) in Eastern Orthodoxy of Muscovy.1490Tomás de Torquemada burns 6,000 volumes of Jewish manuscripts in Salamanca.1490Jews are expelled from Geneva and not allowed to return for over 300 years.1491The blood libel in La Guardia, Spain, where the alleged victim Holy Child of La Guardia became revered as a saint.1491Muhammad al-Maghili orders the expulsion and murder of the Jewish community in Tlemcen.1492The Jewish population of Tuat is massacred in a pogrom inspired by the preacher al-Maghili.[114]1492Ferdinand II and Isabella issue General Edict on the Expulsion of the Jews from Spain: approx. 200,000. Some return to the Land of Israel. As many localities and entire countries expel their Jewish citizens (after robbing them), and others deny them entrance, the legend of the Wandering Jew, a condemned harbinger of calamity, gains popularity.1492Jews of Mecklenburg, Germany are accused of stabbing a consecrated wafer. 27 Jews are burned, including two women. The spot is still called the Judenberg. All the Jews are expelled from the Duchy.1492Askia Mohammad I decrees that all Jews must convert to Islam, leave or be killed. Judaism becomes illegal in Mali. This was based on the advice of Muhammad al-Maghili. The region of Timbuktu had previously been tolerant of other religions before Askia got into power.1493John II of Portugal deports several hundred Jewish children to the colony of São Tomé, where most of them die.1493Expulsion from Sicily: approx. 37,000.149416 Jews are burned at the stake after a blood libel in Trnava.1494After a fire destroys the Jewish quarter of Cracow, the Polish king Jan I Olbracht transfers the Jews to Kazimierz, which would become the first Polish ghetto. Jews were confined to the ghetto until 1868.1495Jews in Lithuania are expelled and their property is seized. They were allowed to return 8 years later.[115]1495The Jews of Lecce are massacred and the Jewish quarter is burned to the ground.1495The French conquer Naples and persecute the local Jews.1496Jews living in Styria are expelled and all their property is confiscated.[116]1496Forced conversion and expulsion of Jews from Portugal. This included many who fled Spain four years earlier.1497Entire Jewish community of Graz is expelled.1497Manuel I of Portugal decrees that all Jews must convert or leave Portugal without their children.1498Prince Alexander of Lithuania forces most of the Jews to forfeit their property or convert. The main motivation is to cancel the debts the nobles owe to the Jews. Within a short time trade grinds to a halt and the Prince invites the Jews back in.1498French Jews are expelled from most of France.1499Jews of Nuremberg are expelled.1499Jews are banished from Verona. The Jews who were money lenders were replaced with Christian usurers who oppressed the poor so bad that the Jews were very shortly called to return.[117]1499All New Christians are prohibited from leaving Portugal, even those who were forcibly baptized.[118]Sixteenth century Jews from Worms, Germany wear the mandatory yellow badge. A moneybag and garlic in the hands are an antisemitic stereotype (sixteenth-century drawing).1501French Jews living in Provence are expelled.1504Jews living in Pilsen are expelled on charges of host desecration.[119]1504Several Jewish scholars are burned at the stake for proselytizing in Moscow.[120]1505Ten České Budějovice Jews are tortured and executed after being accused of killing a Christian girl; later, on his deathbed, a shepherd confesses to fabricating the accusation.1506A marrano expresses his doubts about miracle visions at St. Dominics Church in Lisbon, Portugal. The crowd, led by Dominican friars, kills him, then ransacks Jewish houses and slaughters any Jew they could find. The countrymen hear about the massacre and join in. Over 2,000 marranos killed in three days.1509A converted Jew Johannes Pfefferkorn receives authority of Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor to destroy the Talmud and other Jewish religious books, except the Hebrew Bible, in Frankfurt.1510Forty Jews are executed in Brandenburg, Germany for allegedly desecrating the host; remainder expelled. 23 November. Less-wealthy Jews expelled from Naples; remainder heavily taxed. 38 Jews burned at the stake in Berlin.1510Spanish gain control of Calabria and expel all Jews and New Christians.[121]1510Spain gains control of Naples and expels the Jewish population.1511The officials of Conegliano try to expel the Jewish population but are unsuccessful.[122]1511Eight Roman Catholic converts from Judaism burned at the stake for allegedly reverting.1511Most Apulian Jews are either expelled or are tortured to death. Jewish property is seized and Synagogues are replaced with Catholic Churches.1514The Jewish population of Mittelberg is accused of host desecration.1515Jews are expelled from Laibach.[123]1515Jews are expelled from the city of Genoa, but are allowed back in a year later.[124]1515Emperor Maximillian expels Jews from Ljubljana.[125]1516The first ghetto is established, on one of the islands in Venice.15171517 Hebron attacks: Jews are beaten, raped and killed in Hebron, as their homes and businesses are looted and pillaged.15171517 Safed attacks: The Jews of Safed is attacked by Mamluk forces and local Arabs. Many Jews are killed and their homes are plundered.1519The Jewish community of Ratisbon is expelled. The synagogue is destroyed and replaced with a chapel. Thousands of Jewish gravestones are taken and used for buildings.1519Martin Luther leads Protestant Reformation and challenges the doctrine of Servitus Judaeorum “… to deal kindly with the Jews and to instruct them to come over to us”. 21 February. All Jews expelled from Ratisbon/Regensburg.1520Pope Leo X allows the Jews to print the Talmud in Venice.1523The conquest of Cranganore by the Portuguese leads to the complete destruction of the local Jewish community. Most refugees fled to Cochin.[126]1523Mexico bans immigration from those who can’t prove four generations of Catholic ancestry.[127]1526Jews are expelled from Hungary, Croatia, and Slovakia following the Battle of Mohács.1527Jews are ordered to leave Florence, but the edict is soon rescinded.1528Three judaizers are burned at the stake in Mexico City’s first auto da fe.152930 Jewish men, women, and children are burned at the stake in Pezinok.[128]1532Solomon Molcho is burned at the stake for refusing to return to Catholicism after reverting to Judaism.1535After Spanish troops capture Tunis all the local Jews are sold into slavery.1539Jews are expelled from Nauheim.[129]1539Katarzyna Weiglowa, a Roman Catholic woman from the Kingdom of Poland who converted to Judaism is burned at the stake in Kraków under the charge of apostasy for refusing to call Jesus Christ the Son of God. She is regarded by Jews (among others) as a martyr.1540All Jews are banished from Prague.1542Moses Fishel of Cracow is accused of proselytizing and dies a martyr.1543Jews are exiled from Basel.[130]1543Jeronimo Diaz, a New Christian physician, is burned at the stake for holding heretical opinions in Goa, India.[131] Bookcover of On the Jews and Their Lies1543In his pamphlet On the Jews and Their Lies Martin Luther advocates an eight-point plan to get rid of the Jews as a distinct group either by religious conversion or by expulsion:”…set fire to their synagogues or schools…””…their houses also be razed and destroyed…””…their prayer books and Talmudic writings… be taken from them…””…their rabbis be forbidden to teach henceforth on pain of loss of life and limb…””…safe-conduct on the highways be abolished completely for the Jews…””…usury be prohibited to them, and that all cash and treasure of silver and gold be taken from them…” and “Such money should now be used in … the following [way]… Whenever a Jew is sincerely converted, he should be handed [certain amount]…””…young, strong Jews and Jewesses [should]… earn their bread in the sweat of their brow…””If we wish to wash our hands of the Jews’ blasphemy and not share in their guilt, we have to part company with them. They must be driven from our country” and “we must drive them out like mad dogs.”Luther “got the Jews expelled from Saxony in 1537, and in the 1540s he drove them from many German towns; he tried unsuccessfully to get the elector to expel them from Brandenburg in 1543. His followers continued to agitate against the Jews there: they sacked the Berlin synagogue in 1572 and the following year finally got their way, the Jews being banned from the entire country.”[132] (See also Martin Luther and the Jews)1546Martin Luther’s sermon Admonition against the Jews contains accusations of ritual murder, black magic, and poisoning of wells. Luther recognizes no obligation to protect the Jews.1547Ivan the Terrible becomes ruler of Russia and refuses to allow Jews to live in or even enter his kingdom because they “bring about great evil” (quoting his response to request by Polish king Sigismund II).154710 out of the 30 Jews living in Asolo are killed and their houses are robbed.[133]1550Dr. Joseph Hacohen is chased out of Genoa for practicing medicine; soon all Jews are expelled.1553Pope Julius III forbids Talmud printing and orders burning of any copy found. Rome’s Inquisitor-General, Cardinal Carafa (later Pope Paul IV) has Talmud publicly burnt in Rome on Rosh Hashanah, starting a wave of Talmud burning throughout Italy. About 12,000 copies were destroyed.1554Cornelio da Montalcino, a Franciscan Friar who converted to Judaism, is burned alive in Rome.1555In Papal Bull Cum nimis absurdum, Pope Paul IV writes: “It appears utterly absurd and impermissible that the Jews, whom God has condemned to eternal slavery for their guilt, should enjoy our Christian love.” He renews anti-Jewish legislation and installs a locked nightly ghetto in Rome. The Bull also forces Jewish males to wear a yellow hat, females – yellow kerchief. Owning real estate or practicing medicine on Christians is forbidden. It also limits Jewish communities to only one synagogue.1555The Martyrs of 1555. 25 Jews in Ancona are hung or burned at the stake for refusing to convert to Christianity as a result of Pope Paul IV’s Bull of 1555.1556A rumor is sent around that a poor woman in Sokhachev named Dorothy sold Jews the holy wafer received by her during communion, and that it was stabbed until it bled. The Bishop of Khelm accuses the local Jews, and eventually three Jews along with Dorothy Lazhentzka are arrested, put on the rack, and sentenced to death on charges of host desecration.[134] They were burned at the stake. Before their death, the martyred Jews made a declaration: “We have never stabbed the host, because we do not believe that the host is the Divine body, knowing that God has no body nor blood. We believe, as did our forefathers, that the Messiah is not God, but His messenger. We also know from experience that there can be no blood in flour.” 1557Jews are temporarily banished from Prague.1558Recanati, Italy: a baptized Jew Joseph Paul More enters synagogue on Yom Kippur under the protection of Pope Paul IV and tries to preach a conversion sermon. The congregation evicts him. Soon after, the Jews are expelled from Recanati.1559Pope Pius IV allows Talmud on conditions that it is printed by a Christian and the text is censored.1560The Goa Inquisition begins.1561Ferdinand I takes an oath to expel the Jews. Mordechai Zemach runs to Rome and convinces Pope Pius IV to cancel the decree.1563Russian troops take Polotsk from Lithuania, Jews are given ultimatum: embrace Russian Orthodox Church or die. Around 300 Jewish men, women and children were thrown into ice holes of Dvina river.1564Brest-Litovsk: the son of a wealthy Jewish tax collector is accused of killing the family’s Christian servant for ritual purposes. He is tortured and executed in line with the law. King Sigismund II of Poland forbids future charges of ritual murder, calling them groundless.1565Jews are temporarily banished from Prague.1566Antonio Ghislieri elected and, as Pope Pius V, reinstates the harsh anti-Jewish laws of Pope Paul IV. In 1569 he expels Jews dwelling outside of the ghettos of Rome, Ancona, and Avignon from the Papal States, thus ensuring that they remain city-dwellers.1567Jews are allowed to live in France.1569Pope Pius V expels all the Jews of Bologna. He then gave their cemetery away and commended all Jewish gravestones to be destroyed.[135]1569Pope Pius V issues the Bull Hebraeorum gens sola which orders the expulsion of all Jews who refuse to convert.1571Jews in Berlin are forced to leave and their property is confiscated.[92]1571The Mexican Inquisition begins.1574First auto-da-fé in Mexico.1581Pope Gregory XIII issues a Bull which prohibits the use of Jewish doctors.1583Three Portuguese conversos are burned at the stake in Rome.[136]1586Pope Sixtus V forbids printing of the Talmud.1590Jewish quarter of Mikulov (Nikolsburg) burns to ground and 15 people die while Christians watch or pillage. King Philip II of Spain orders expulsion of Jews from Lombardy. His order is ignored by local authorities until 1597, when 72 Jewish families are forced into exile.1591Philip II, King of Spain, banished all Jews from the duchy of Milan.[137]1592Esther Chiera is executed with one of her sons by the Sultan Murad III’s calvary.[138]1593Pope Clement VIII confirms the Papal bull of Paul III that expels Jews from Papal states except ghettos in Rome and Ancona and issues Caeca et obdurata (“Blind Obstinacy”): “All the world suffers from the usury of the Jews, their monopolies and deceit. … Then as now Jews have to be reminded intermittently anew that they were enjoying rights in any country since they left Palestine and the Arabian desert, and subsequently their ethical and moral doctrines as well as their deeds rightly deserve to be exposed to criticism in whatever country they happen to live.”1593At least 900 are expelled from Bologna.[135]159510 people are accused of practicing Judaism in Lima, Peru. Four of them are released and one named Francisco Rodríguez, is burned alive.[139]1596Francisca Nuñez de Carabajal was a Marrana (Jewish convert to Christianity) in New Spain executed by the Inquisition for “judaizing” in 1596. One of her children, Isabel, in her twenties at the time, was tortured until she implicated the whole of the Carabajal family. The whole family was forced to confess and abjure at a public auto-da-fé, celebrated on Saturday, 24 February 1590. Luis de Carabajal the younger (one of Francisca’s sons), along with Francisca and four of her daughters, was condemned to perpetual imprisonment, and another one of Francisca’s sons, Baltasar, who had fled upon the first warning of danger, was, along with his deceased father Francisco Rodriguez de Matos, burnt in effigy. In January 1595, Francisca and her children were accused of a relapse into Judaism and convicted. During their imprisonment they were tempted to communicate with one another on Spanish pear seeds, on which they wrote touching messages of encouragement to remain true to their faith. At the resulting auto-da-fé, Francisca and her children Isabel, Catalina, Leonor, and Luis, died at the stake, together with Manuel Diaz, Beatriz Enriquez, Diego Enriquez, and Manuel de Lucena. Of her other children, Mariana, who lost her reason for a time, was tried and put to death at an auto-da-fé held in Mexico City on 25 March 1601; Anica, the youngest child, being “reconciled” at the same time.15983 Jews in Lublin are brutally tortured and executed by quartering, after a Christian boy is found in a nearby swamp.[140]
Seventeenth century
1600
14 Judaizers are punished in Lima, Peru.[139]
1603
Frei Diogo da Assumpcão, a partly Jewish friar who embraced Judaism, burned alive in Lisbon.
1605
16 Judaizers are arrested in Lima, Peru.[139]
1608
The Jesuit order forbids admission to anyone descended from Jews to the fifth generation, a restriction lifted in the 20th century. Three years later Pope Paul V applies the rule throughout the Church, but his successor revokes it.
1612
The Hamburg Senate decides to officially allow Jews to live in Hamburg on the condition there is no public worship.
Expulsion of the Jews from Frankfurt on 23 August 1614: “1380 persons old and young were counted at the exit of the gate”
1614
Vincent Fettmilch, who called himself the “new Haman of the Jews”, leads a raid on Frankfurt synagogue that turned into an attack which destroyed the whole community.
1615
King Louis XIII of France decrees that all Jews must leave the country within one month on pain of death.
1615
The Guild led by Dr. Chemnitz, “non-violently” forced the Jews from Worms.
1616
Jesuits arrive in Grodno and accuse the Jews of host desecration and blood libel.[115]
1618
Anti-semitic pamphlet Mirror of the Polish Crown is published by professor Sebastian Miczyński. It accuses the Jews of murder, sacrileges, witchcraft, and urges their expulsion. It would go on to inspire anti-Jewish riots across Poland.
1619
Shah Abbasi of the Persian Sufi Dynasty increases persecution against the Jews, forcing many to outwardly practice Islam. Many keep practicing Judaism in secret.
1622
King Christian IV invites Jews to come and live in Denmark.
1624
Ghetto established in Ferrara, Italy.
1624
Christian theologian Antonio Homem is burned at the stake for pursuing Judaism.
1625
Jews of Vienna forced to live in a ghetto in Leopoldstadt.
1628
Roman Jewish mistress of the son of the duke of Parma is burned alive.[141]
1630
Jewish merchant Moses the Braider is burned alive after being accused of host desecration.
1631
Due to awful conditions in the Jewish Ghetto of Padua, 421 out of the 721 Jews living in the ghetto perish.[142]
1632
King Ladislaus IV of Poland forbids antisemitic books and printings.
1632
Shortly after Miguel Rodriguez is discovered holding onto Jewish rites, an Auto-da-fé is held in the presence of the King and Queen. Miguel and his wife Isabel Alvarez, and 5 others are burned alive publicly.[143]
1632, 20 April
Jewish-convert and martyr Nicolas Antoine is burned at the stake for heresy.
1633
Jews are banned from Radom.[144]
1635
Anti-Jewish riots take place in Vilna.
1637
Four Jews are publicly tortured and executed in Kraków.
1639
Over 60 Judaizers are burned at the stake at an Auto-da-fé in Lima, Peru. Among those martyred was physician Francisco Maldonado de Silva.
1639
Two Roman Jewish children are forcibly baptized by Pope Urban VIII.[145]
1639
Jews of Lenchitza are accused of ritual murder after a young child is found dead in the woods. The blame falls on the Jews after a local gentile named Foma confesses to the crime then says he had been coerced into doing it by the Jews. Despite the lack of evidence, two Jewish elders named Meyer and Lazar are arrested and tortured, and eventually quartered publicly.[146]
1644
Jewish martyr Judah the Believer is burned at the stake as he recites prayers in Hebrew.
1647
Jewish martyr Isaac de Castro Tartas is burned at the stake while he recites the Shema along with 6 other Jews.[147]
1648–1655
The Ukrainian Cossacks led by Bohdan Chmielnicki massacre about 100,000 Jews and similar number of Polish nobles, 300 Jewish communities destroyed.
1649
Largest Auto-da-fé in the New World. 109 victims, 13 were burned alive and 57 in effigy.[148]
1655
Oliver Cromwell readmits Jews to England.
1656
All Jews are expelled from Isfahan because of the common belief of their impurity. The ones who don’t are forced to convert to Islam.
1657–1662
Jews throughout Iran (including 7,000 in Kashan alone) are forced to convert to Islam as a result of persecutions by Abbas II of Persia.[149]
1661
Sephardic poet Antonio Enríquez Gómez is publicly burned in effigy in Seville.[150]
1663
Two Christian Janissaries accuse the Jews of Istanbul of killing a child who had actually been killed by his own father. After killing his own son, he threw his body onto the Jewish quarter in order to implicate the Jews in the crime. Once the Grand Vizier learned the facts of the case from his spies stationed in the Greek quarter, he informed the Sultan and the Janissaries were put to death. 20 Jews were killed in total by the Greek mobs.[151]
1664 May
Jews of Lemberg (now Lvov) ghetto organize self-defense against impending assault by students of Jesuit seminary and Cathedral school. The militia sent by the officials to restore order, instead joined the attackers. About 100 Jews killed.
1669
The majority of Jews in Oran are expelled.[152]
1670
Jews expelled from Vienna.
1670
Raphael Levy is burned at the stake over blood libel. After being offered a chance to convert and live, he declared that he had lived a Jew and would die a Jew.
1679
The Exile of Mawza. It is considered the single most traumatic event experienced collectively by the Jews of Yemen. All Jews living in nearly all cities and towns throughout Yemen were banished by decree of the king, Imām al-Mahdi Ahmad, and sent to a dry and barren region of the country named Mawza to withstand their fate or to die. Only a few communities who lived in the far eastern quarters of Yemen were spared this fate by virtue of their Arab patrons who refused to obey the King’s orders. Many would die along the route and while confined to the hot and arid conditions of this forbidding terrain.
1680
Auto-da-fé in Madrid.
1681
Mob attacks against Jews in Vilna. It was condemned by King John Sobieski, who ordered the punishment of the guilty.
1682
Largest trial against alleged Judaizers in Lisbon, Portugal. 117 were tried in 3 days.
1683
Hungarian rebels known as Kuruc rushes into the town of Uherský Brod, massacring the majority of its Jewish inhabitants. Most of the victims were recent refugees who were expelled from Vienna in 1670. One of the Hebrews killed by the mob was Jewish historian Nathan ben Moses Hannover, who was a survivor of the Chmielnicki massacres. Most of the survivors fled to Upper Hungary.
1684
Attack on the Jewish ghetto of Buda.[153]
1686
Only 500 Jews survive after Austrian sieged the city of Buda. Half of them are sold into slavery.[153][154]
1689
Worms is invaded by the French and the Jewish quarter is reduced to ashes.
1689
The Jewish Ghetto of Prague is destroyed by French troops. After it was over 318 houses, 11 synagogues, and 150 Jews were dead.[155]
1691
219 people are convicted of being Jewish in Palma, Majorca. 37 of them are burned to death. Among those martyred is Raphael and his sister Catalina Benito, who although declaring she wanted to live, jumped right into the flames rather than to be baptized.[156][157]
1696
A number of Converso Jews are burned alive in Évora, Portugal.
1698
A female child is found dead at a church in Sandomierz. The mother of the child first said she placed her body in the church because she could not afford a burial, but after torture accused the Jewish leader Aaron Berek of the local community of murdering her daughter. The mother and Berek were sentenced the death.[158]
1699
A mob attacks the Jewish Quarter of Bamberg but runs away after one Jew stops them by pouring baskets of ripe plums on the attackers. The event is still commemorated on the 29th of Nisan as the Zwetschgen-Ta’anit (Prune-Fest).[159]
Eighteenth century
1703
The Aleinu prayer is prohibited in most of Germany.
1706
After a plague hits Algeria which pushes the Jewish community into poverty, the local ruler decides the plague was caused by the Jews and orders their expulsion. Property is confiscated, synagogues are destroyed, until a sum is paid which further impoverishes the Jews of Algiers.[160]
1711
Johann Andreas Eisenmenger writes his Entdecktes Judenthum (“Judaism Unmasked”), a work denouncing Judaism and which had a formative influence on modern antisemitic polemics.
1712
Blood libel in Sandomierz and expulsion of the town’s Jews.
1715
Elector Max Emanuel orders the deportation of all Jews living in Bavaria.[161]
1717
All Jews living in Gibraltar are expelled.
1718
The last Jews of Carniola, Styria and Carinthia are expelled.
1720
Arab creditors set fire to an Ashkenazi synagogue, fed up with debts. Ashkenazic Jews are banned from Jerusalem along with anyone who looks like an Ashkenazi Jew. Some Ashkenazim dressed up like Sephardic Jews in order to fool the authorities.[162]
1721
Maria Barbara Carillo was burned at the stake for heresy during the Spanish Inquisition. She was executed at the age of 95 or 96[163] and is the oldest person known to have been executed at the instigation of the Inquisition.[164] Carillo was sentenced to death for heresy for returning to her faith in Judaism.
1724
Jews of Radom are exiled.[144]
1727
Edict of Catherine I of Russia: “The Jews… who are found in Ukraine and in other Russian provinces are to be expelled at once beyond the frontiers of Russia.”
1734
1736: The Haidamaks, paramilitary bands in Polish Ukraine, attack Jews.
1736
María Francisca Ana de Castro, called La bella toledana, a Spanish immigrant to Peru, was arrested in 1726, accused of “judaizing” (being a practicing Jew). She was burned at the stake after an auto de fe in 1736. This event was a major spectacle in Lima, but it raised questions about possible irregular procedures and corruption within the Inquisition.
1737
Blood libel in Jarosław leads to Jews being tortured and others being put to death.[165]
1742
Elizabeth of Russia issues a decree of expulsion of all the Jews out of Russian Empire. Her resolution to the Senate’s appeal regarding harm to the trade: “I don’t desire any profits from the enemies of Christ”. One of the deportees is Antonio Ribera Sanchez, her own personal physician and the head of army’s medical dept.
1743
The Russians gain control of Riga and all local Jews are expelled.[166]
1744
Frederick II The Great (a “heroic genius”, according to Hitler) limits Breslau to ten “protected” Jewish families, on the grounds that otherwise they will “transform it into complete Jerusalem”. He encourages this practice in other Prussian cities. In 1750 he issues Revidiertes General Privilegium und Reglement vor die Judenschaft: “protected” Jews had an alternative to “either abstain from marriage or leave Berlin” (Simon Dubnow).
1744
Archduchess of Austria Maria Theresa orders: “… no Jew is to be tolerated in our inherited duchy of Bohemia” by the end of Feb. 1745. In December 1748 she reverses her position, on condition that Jews pay for readmission every ten years. This extortion was known as malke-geld (queen’s money). In 1752 she introduces the law limiting each Jewish family to one son.
1746
The city of Radom bans Jews from entering.[144]
1753
The Jewish community of Kaunas is expelled.
1755
Jeronimo Jose Ramos, a merchant from Bragança, Portugal, is burned at the stake for being secretly Jewish.
1761
Several Jews from Alsace are executed after being accused of host desecration.
1761
The Jews of Kaunas are expelled after anti-Jewish riots.[167]
1762
Rhode Island refuses to grant Jews citizenship stating “no person who is not of the Christian religion can be admitted free to this colony.”
1766
All but 6 Jews are expelled from Toruń.[168]
1768
Haidamaks massacre the Jews of Uman, Ukraine.
1775
Pope Pius VI issues a severe Editto sopra gli ebrei (Edict concerning the Jews). Previously lifted restrictions are reimposed, Judaism is suppressed.
1776
The Jewish community of Basra is massacred.[169]
1782
Holy Roman Emperor Joseph II abolishes most of persecution practices in Toleranzpatent on condition that Yiddish and Hebrew are eliminated from public records and judicial autonomy is annulled. Judaism is branded “quintessence of foolishness and nonsense”. Moses Mendelssohn writes: “Such a tolerance… is even more dangerous play in tolerance than open persecution”.
1783
The Sultan expels the Moroccan Jews for failing to pay an exorbitant ransom.[170]
1785
Ali Burzi Pasha murders hundreds of Libyan Jews.[171]
1786
Jews are expelled from Jeddah, most of them flee to Yemen.[172]
1790
Yazid becomes the Sultan of Morocco and immediately orders troops to massacre and plunder the Jewish quarter of Tétouan.
1790
The Touro Synagogue’s warden, Moses Seixas, wrote to George Washington, expressing his support for Washington’s administration and good wishes for him. Washington sent a letter in response, which read in part:
“… the Government of the United States … gives to bigotry no sanction, to persecution no assistance. … May the children of the Stock of Abraham, who dwell in this land, continue to merit and enjoy the good will of the other Inhabitants; while every one shall sit in safety under his own vine and figtree, and there shall be none to make him afraid. May the father of all mercies scatter light and not darkness in our paths, and make us all in our several vocations useful here, and in his own due time and way everlastingly happy.”
— Letter of George Washington to the Hebrew Congregation in Newport, Rhode Island[173]
There is an annual event reading Washington’s letter, and speakers at the annual event have included Supreme Court Justices Ruth Bader Ginsburg and Elena Kagan;[174] and Brown University Presidents Ruth Simmons[175] and Christina Paxson.[176]
1790, 20 May
Eleazer Solomon is quartered for the alleged murder of a Christian girl in Grodno.[177]
1790–1792
Destruction of most of the Jewish communities of Morocco.
1791
Catherine II of Russia confines Jews to the Pale of Settlement and imposes them with double taxes.[178]
1797
Napoleon calls for the end of Jewish segregation, ghettoization and the denial of equal rights.
No excuse for further crimes!!
Cannot divorce the past from the present, any more than you can divorce the ripples from the rock thrown into a pond.
I’m right with you when it comes to tackling racism. The history of humanity is an ocean of atrocities. Jews included. Fanatical religion is a disease.
What do you know about Justice? Ewwwwwwwwwwwwwww
I taught it and live by it. I dispensed it and believe in it. That’s why I castigate you and the Israeli government for their unjust treatment and attitude towards Palestinians. It’s racist. It’s unjust. It’s wrong.
Juvenile, always try to spin everything about Yourself. ewwwww.
A litany of applied racism. Does it excuse Jews doing the same to others?
Like the blood libel you condemn with no proof or evidence. Pig.
Don’t be silly. The abuses of the Palestinians are reported all the time along with the illegal settlements.
Fuck stateless arab refugees, not a serious player in the game. Idiot.
That’s OK then – they can be kicked out and abused.
Another brain dead declaration from an absolute total idiot. Europeans kicked Jews our of virtually all European countries. That’s a fact, Coward.
This pie in the sky bullshit you post “they can be kicked out and abused” exists only in your deformed head.
They were given refuge in Britain. As I say – religion is toxic!
Balestinians exist only as pawn in the international chess game. Idiot.
So you are free to abuse them, steal their land and kill them. That’s your excuse??
You never learn. “steal their land”, what land? When did this so called “theft” occur. You stupid brain dead idiot.
It’s been occurring since 1945 when the Jews moved in and drove people out of their homes. It progresses with each illegal settlement.
Obtuse bowling ball. Subtle distinctions mean nothing to you. Idiot.
An Interesting Political Discussion
Rabbi Moscker, with sincere respect…..the parallel you draw between the American Revolution and the conflict between Israel and the Palestinians is not valid. The War of Independence between England and the American Patriots fought that war for a number of reasons. Not the least of those reasons was that the ” Crown” was thousands of miles away and the Patriots demanded, “NO TAXATION WITHOUT REPRESENTATION”. Our money in the USA says
“IN GOD WE TRUST”. QUESTION… DID “GOD” CONDONE THE THEFT OF LAND FROM THE INDIGENEOUS POPULATION THAT LIVED THERE FOR THOUSANDS OF YEARS? I THINK NOT. IT WAS THE BEGINIING OF THE REDICULOUS CONCEEPT OF MANIFEST DESTINY EVEN THOUGH THE TERM OF “MANIFEST DESTINY” DID NOT EXIST UNTIL APPROX. 1850 AND THE TERM WAS USED TO JUSTIFY THAT SAME CRIME OF AQUISITION FOR ALL THE LAND TO THE WESTERN UNITED STATES. ISRAEL AND PALESTINE BOTH HAVE ANCIENT CLAIMS TO THAT LAND. BIBLICALLY, THE PALESTINIANS MAY HAVE BEEN THERE FIRST AND THAT IS DOCUMENTED BIBLICALLY WHEN MOSES SENT HIS SPIES INTO THE LAND NOW CALLED ISRAEL. WAS THIS ALSO A MANIFEST DESTINY MANDATE ? WAS IT ORDAINED BY GOD? I ASK YOU THIS QUESTION BECAUSE I DO NOT KNOW THE ANSWER. THESE TWO COUNTRIES ARE NOT THOUSANDS OF MILES AWAY FROM EACH OTHER. WHAT IS CLEAR TO ME IS THAT ISRAEL AND THE PALESTINIANS ARE CUT FROM THE SAME CLOTH. ABRAHAM ! SARAH, HAGAR, ISHMAEL AND ISAAC. ISRAEL AND THE PALESTINIANS ARE COUSINS. I KNOW THAT YOU KNOW THAT. YOUR LAND HAS SOAKED UP ENOUGH BLOOD. I HAVE CLOSE RELATIONS THAT I DO NOT CHOOSE TO SEE OR SPEAK TO. I UNDERSTAND THE INTENSITY OF FAMILY FEUDS.
I UNDERSTAND THE HATRED. I HAVE KNOWN AND WORKED WITH MANY SABRES. ALL I AM SAYING IS THAT THIS CONFLICT WILL NEVER BE RESOLVED BY FORCE. IT CAN ONLY BE RESOLVED BY TRUE RECONCILLIATION. THERE ARE 10 OTHER TRIBES IN THE WORLD THAT HAVE LOST THEIR IDENTITY.
IF WE WANT TO REUNITE ISRAEL, THE PALESTINIANS MUST BE RECOGNIZED AS PART OF THE FAMILY.
Marc David Baker @ docofthebay.blog
Its a pleasure to hold this dialogue with you Marc
The idea that stateless Arabs refugees have any claim to Israel, simply does not compare to the Manifest Destiny made to justify and encourage the conversion of territories into States of the Union. Arab armies conquered Syria in 8th Century. The Roman name Palaestina, imposed by Rome following the Bar Kochba revolt in 125 CE. Palestine originates from European imperialism NOT Arab imperialism. Arabs cannot even pronounce the letter P!
The Ottoman Turks – not Arabs but rather Muslims, an important distinction. The Ottoman Turks conquered what became known to that imperialist empire as Greater Syria from the Arab Mamluk Sultanate in about 1517. Turkish land laws remain the law within Israel to this very day! When I sought to buy a piece of property, the best I could do – open a 99 year lease from the State of Israel. The State “owns” all land. Arab properties like Abu Gosh, fall outside of this law/Tabu. The Tabu land registry in Israel dates back to Ottoman rule.
Therefore at best since the 16th Century Arabs could work the land of “Greater Syria” as share croppers. A share cropper does not “own” the land. The notion of Arabs as “native inhabitants” stems from the propaganda made by Yasser Arafat since early 1964, a far cry from “thousands of years”, when that Arab – born in Egypt – established the name of his movement as the “Palestine Liberation Army”.
Palestine, modern European imperialism sought to impose that name as a stamp upon the Middle East … as opposed to the Ottoman “stamp” of “Greater Syria”. In the 19th Century, the Ottoman empire, also known as the “Sick Man of Europe”, had degenerated into a permanent decay. The Ottoman empire could not afford cartographers/map makers, even from the 18th Century. Consequently the Ottoman empire bought European maps of the Middle East! Hence the European imperialist name “Palestine”.
Following WW1, the Allies ie Britain and France, they broke up the Ottoman empire just as they did the German and Austro-Hungarian empires. During the Great War the Allies contracted two great treaties among themselves which determined how these European empires would carve up and determine the borders of the Middle East. The secret Sykes-Picot Agreement of 1916 and the Balfour Declaration of 1917. President Wilson’s only peace proposal accepted by the post war Allied Powers established the League of Nations. Senator Long lead the Republican Opposition which prevented America from joining the League of Nations. Following the Senate rejection of that treaty, President Wilson suffered a stroke. Wilson rejected and opposed any and all secret treaties. But since Washington did not join the League of Nations, the Wilson Government could not oppose the imposition of the Sykes-Picot agreement upon establishment of borders in the Middle East!
In the early 1920s the League of Nations gave to the British and French mandates by which these imperialist empires carved up between themselves Ottoman Greater Syria. The League of Nations based its “Palestine Mandate” upon the Balfour Declaration!!! Again 1922, that’s a far cry from “thousands of years”, as you claim. Arabs under the Palestine Mandate refused to refer to themselves as “Palestinians”. Why?
The question “Why”, Western propaganda so conveniently ignores today. Simply answered: For Arabs to refer to themselves as “Palestinians”, this would directly imply that they accepted the British “Palestine Mandate” – which they most emphatically did not. The 1936 Arab Revolt definitively proves this without any margin of error. Arab Revolt NOT Palestinian Revolt! The Arabs to this very day absolutely reject the Balfour Declaration. The Balfour Declaration served as the basis for the awarding by the League of Nations the “Palestine Mandate” unto the British in 1922!!!
Only after Ben Gurion named the newly declared “Jewish State” named “Israel”, did Yasser Arafat opportunistically embrace the name Palestine. Again 1964 hardly qualifies as “thousands of years”. The problem of “native inhabitants” Arafat’s propaganda employed the lie of the Arabs genetically linked to the ancient Philistines. Only problem with such a bald face lie as this, the extinct Philistines originated from Greek Islands; these “boat people” have no connection what so ever with post Mohammad “Arabs”, originally established in the 7th Century CE!!!
The notion of reunite Israel with stateless Arab refugee populations – utterly and totally absurd. Jews define the term “refugee”. For over 2000 years Jews scatter across the face of the Planet Earth existed as Stateless Refugees. Stateless refugees have no rights, because they have no country of their own!!! The European name “Palestine” exists as a propaganda fiction on par with Arafat’s “Philistine” lie. Arabs have no portion with the Jewish family any more than did Jews have equality during the empires of the Arab Caliphate. Both the Umayyad and the Abbasid Caliphates, both Jews and Xtians existed under the legal status of dhimmis.
The Jewish State does in its own turn NOT recognize Arabs refugee populations as equals. The justice known as measure for measure applies. Yes some assimilated Yidden validate citizenship to Arabs living in Israel, but no Israeli government has ever included Arab Knesset members within the leadership of the Government. Israel exists as the only Jewish State on the planet Earth. Arabs and Muslims have 57 countries. No Arab in Saudi Arabia or Muslim in Iran or Turkey views Jews as “PART OF THE FAMILY”. That’s an absurd and totally false argument whereby you conclude your last posting.
Sleight of hand card tricks, like UN Resolutions 242, 338, 446, 2334, by which foreign nations who share no common border with the Jewish State attempt to impose and establish the borders of the Jewish State – absolutely and totally invalid. To listen to the MSM press, their harmonious slander of Israel’s illegal occupation of stolen Arab lands. The attempt to Universally vilify Israel through UN Resolutions, causes me to recall the words of General Patton: “If everybody is thinking alike, then somebody isn’t thinking.”
Rubbish.
Bunk. Illegal according to whom? Idiot. In 1967 Nasser promised his people that in the up coming war that the Arabs would complete the Nazi genocide of the Jewish people in Israel! Jordan attacked Israel. Jordan, according to all UN members in the year 1948 illegally nationalized the “occupied territories” of Samaria.
In 1967 Israel recaptured those illegally seized and nationalized territories. Now idiot enough of your words. Explain how Israel stole land within the British Palestine Mandate from Arabs. You cannot. Noise sack of shit.
I’ll put up a post just for you Moshe – showing how Israel stole the land.
Yea look forward to seeing another Goy lie.
Blind to the truth Moshe.
You have no monopoly upon the truth you vile arrogant prick.
You wouldn’t recognise truth if it bit you on the bum.
Saw your make believe map. The British Palestine mandate included the countries of Iraq, Jordan and Israel. Idiot.
No make believe – the truth – your theft is clear.
You declare the UN as the judge. Yet ignore when the UN condemned as illegal the Jordanian “theft” nationalization of Samaria Palestine.
Justice …. You arrogant prick have no idea of the meaning of the word.
Justice is about doing the right thing – not saying that the wrongs of the past justify you doing the same to others.
That G-d your do not qualify as a judge!!!
For once I agree with you. But we can learn from the past and not make the same mistakes. The Jews were victimised but that doesn’t give them the right to victimised others.
You have learned nothing from the past. News papers to not focus upon the past. Most shallow person.
Lol – all you’ve learnt is hatred and racism. The bullied becomes the bully. The victim becomes the victimiser.
ooops Thank G-d.
Never a Capital nor a currency of any Palestinian state. Last time you pretended that the British pound served as the currency of the “British” mandate called Palestine. LOL Fool.
Noise. You ignore the fact no currency nor a Capital. Pull your head out of your *
Don’t be silly. You neither need a capital nor currency. Scotland, Ireland and Wales use the pound.
Wow so stupid. Scotland, Ireland and Wales all part of Great Britain with London as their Capital.
??? London the capital of Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland – sorry no!!
Pathetic. Wales, Scotland and Ireland – includes Northern British illegal settlements! Idiot. They all send representatives to the British Parliament in London.
Yes they do but London is not their capital.
London, you silly fool, its the Capital of Great Britain. The Capital of the State of Texas is Austin. But the Capital of the United State, to which the State of Texas has joined – that Washington DC. You must have fell on your head at birth, never have a met with such an ignoramus.
It think you’d probably be shot if you went to Scotland and told them their capital was London! Same in Wales and Ireland. They have their own capitals. Check it out Moshe.
Duh. Obtuse bowling ball. None the less they send representatives to the Parliament in London.
Back on point: The Balestinians this imaginary nation never had either a national currency nor a National Capital!!! Idiot.
Texas, Oklahoma, and every state in the Union recognize Washington DC as the Capital of the United States. Same holds true with the Capital of Great Britain. Idiot.
No it doesn’t. We are a union of separate countries each with their own capital.
Idiot. National autonomy does not equal National Independence. Pathetic fool.
Who said it did?
A short history of Imperialism in the Middle East.
Lord Palmerston, 1840: Her Majesty’s Government has stated that it considers Syria to be teh military key of Asiatic Turkey. During WWl, Britain maintained good relations with Zionist leaders, with the objective to dismember and legitimize its own domination of Balestine. British forces occupied Egypt since 1882. The Suez Canal, the ‘jugular vein’ of the British Empire, dominated British strategic planning. Even after that empire collapsed after the 1956 disaster where both England and France attempted to reassert their domination over the “rag headed sand niggers” of the Middle East; Racist British strategic planners never considered or weighed the very existence of Arab populations living in the “Balestine Mandate” territories. When they predestined their Balestine Mandate dictate to the League of Nations, based solely upon the Balfour Declaration!
Lord Cromer, the British Agent in Cairo, in 1892, chiseled a new border which ran from Rafah in Gaza to the Gulf of Aqaba. The strategic implications behind this border, while the Sinai Peninsula remained under formal Ottoman suzerainty, in point of fact the British empire served as the administration authorities. The ‘prestige’ of the Empire, according to Major-General J.C. Ewart, Director of Military Intelligence, hung upon Britain’s ability to take the offensive. (Isaiah Friedman: The Question of Palestine).
The strategic concept of ‘Maintaining a Balance of Power’, bases itself on the premise that a weak border State better serves the interests of the Empire, than does a strong European border State rival. This policy dominates the imperialism of strategic planners to this day. Consequently, prior to Turkey’s alliance with Germany in WWl, Britain continually strove to prop up the ‘Sick Man of Europe’. In like and similar manner British strategic planners viewed the French as less of a threat, and therefore validated prior to the outbreak of hostilities, French domination of Lebanon and Syria, which the later Sykes-Picot secret treaty of 1916 confirmed.
British support for the Balfour Declaration stood upon a shoddy foundation of British sympathy for “for that persecuted and oppressed people.” (ibid p.6). The Russian pogrom atrocities, aroused British sympathies to favor the establishment of a Jewish home; as did the Shoah wherein Ben Gurion declared Israeli Independence. [ https://i0.wp.com/www.afrikaiswoke.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Sykes.jpg ].
Following the duel Independence War(s) victories of 1948 and 1967, “the idea to neutralize the country under international guarantee; to place the control of the Holy Places in the hands of a Commission in which the European Powers, the Pope, and Perhaps the United States, would be represented; and to vest the government of the country in some kind of Council to be established by the Jews.” ( Edward Grey – the British Foreign Secretary ), utterly preposterous and absurd.
Had the Government of the Czar not collapsed, and the Bolsheviks decision to take Russia out of the world war not occurred, the post war vivisection of the Ottoman empire would have looked entirely different. Based upon Russia’s claims to Constantinople and the Straits. The treachery disgrace of the secret Sykes Picot ‘abortion-treaty’ would never have attempted to establish ‘international law’.
The League of Nations Palestine Mandate more closely resembles to the Calvinist theology of predestination. Israeli victories in both its wars of Independence changed the balance of power in the Middle East; Israel, not Britain, nor France, nor Russia, nor the UN, nor the US determines its own international borders. Independent Israel does not compare to the territories which the League of Nations awarded as post WWl spoils of war to the victors of that Great War.
Sleight of hand card tricks, like UN Resolutions 242, 338, 446, 2334, by which foreign nations, who share no common border with the Jewish State, attempt to arbitrarily impose and establish the borders of the Jewish State – absolutely and totally invalid. To listen to the MSM press, their harmonious slander of Israel’s ‘illegal occupation of stolen Arab lands’. The attempt to Universally vilify Israel through UN Resolutions, causes me to recall the words of General Patton: “If everybody is thinking alike, then somebody isn’t thinking.”